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...irst Information Technology and then moves on to tales about the wonders of the written word—great stories, many of them likely new to most readers. In them, you‘ll find all the backgrounds, foregrounds, premises, conclusions, and surprises that make up the best and most valuable books. This book also begins with that wondrous first Information Technology and then moves ...

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...Way back in the fifteenth century a man named Johann Gutenberg invented the ?printing press. More than 400 years passed before Ottmar Mergenthaler found a way in the late 1880s to mechanize that historic invention. Then, less than a ...

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...t Dedication to CAROL For becoming my smart, beautiful bride in 1949 and then giving fully of herself to me and our wonderful family i... ...We listen. We easily hallucinate word boundaries. Spaces, such as you see in writing, are absent from speech. Yet somehow we find it easy to make se... ...f nomad herder-hunters unite under Genghis Khan and then take less than a century to create the largest contiguous empire in world history. 10. M... ...and then take less than a century to create the largest contiguous empire in world history. 10. Mongols Open the Way They open the gate blocking... ...h allowed for the unprecedented expansion of publishing in the twentieth century before he led his paper‘s switch to digital phototype. My own p... ...after civilization. —brad bradford Preface Way back in the fifteenth century a man named Johann Gutenberg invented the ―printing press.‖ More t... ... —Daniel Webster (1782–1852), quoted in an address before the Sons of New Hampshire Shaping the English Language From near obscurity in the plague... ...Sets on the British Empire 18TH CENTURY Democracy blossoms 19TH and 20TH CENTURIES Linotype and Dewey and Carnegie Self-teaching laboratorie...

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...first Information Technology and then moves on to tales about the wonders of the written word—great stories, many of them likely new to most readers. In them, you‘ll find all the backgrounds, foregrounds, premises, conclusions, and surprises that make up the best and most valuable books....

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...In the Bible, God‘s first gift to man isn‘t a lesson about how to make a fire or fashion a needle, a knife, or a spear. He first blesses him with language. Even before He takes Adam‘s rib to make Eve, He tells Adam to name ev...

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...From whence cometh language, the InfoTech that lets us dominate our planet? We listen. We easily hallucinate word boundaries. Spaces, such as you see in writing, are absent from speech. Yet somehow we find it easy to make sense of speech. -- 2. The Gift of Memory-For millennia, mnemonics reigned over commerce, news, entertainment, and the perpetuation and refinement of cra...

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... Dedication to CAROL For becoming my smart, beautiful bride in 1949 and then giving fully of herself to me and our wonderful family i... ...We listen. We easily hallucinate word boundaries. Spaces, such as you see in writing, are absent from speech. Yet somehow we find it easy to make se... ...f nomad herder-hunters unite under Genghis Khan and then take less than a century to create the largest contiguous empire in world history. 10. M... ...and then take less than a century to create the largest contiguous empire in world history. 10. Mongols Open the Way They open the gate blocking... ...ch allowed for the unprecedented expansion of publishing in the twentieth century before he led his paper‘s switch to digital phototype. My own p... ...fter civilization.‖ —Brad Bradford Preface Way back in the fifteenth century a man named Johann Gutenberg invented the ―printing press.‖ More t... ... —Daniel Webster (1782–1852), quoted in an address before the Sons of New Hampshire Shaping the English Language From near obscurity in the plag... ...Sets on the British Empire 18TH CENTURY Democracy blossoms 19TH and 20TH CENTURIES Linotype and Dewey and Carnegie Self-teaching laboratorie...

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...otality, limited view on a system because of its complexity) or the acquisition errors (intrinsically imperfect observations, the quantitative errors in measures).”...

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... (second printed edition) 2002 This book can be ordered in microfilm format from: Books on Demand ProQuest Informati... ... ISBN: 1-931233-67-5 Standard Address Number: 297-5092 Printed in the United States of America First International Confe... ...unm.edu/~smarandache/FirstNeutConf.htm. A selection of them is being published in these Proceedings of the Conference. Abstracts of papers were... ...rtain information has always been a hot topic of research since mainly the 18th century. Up to middle of the 20th century, most theoretical advances h... ...been a hot topic of research since mainly the 18th century. Up to middle of the 20th century, most theoretical advances have been devoted to the theor... ...e just few of them. With the development of the computers, the last half of the 20th century has became very prolific for the development new original ... ...t few of them. With the development of the computers, the last half of the 20th century has became very prolific for the development new original theor... ..., the subjective approach and the frequency approach [35]) since the seventieth century. The frequency approach is defined as the ratio of the number ... ...s discussions about this fondamental question have held at the beginning of the 20th century between all eminent physicists at that time. The constrai...

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...The Writings of Abraham Lincoln In Seven V olumes V olume 5 of 7 A Penn State Electronic Classics Series Pu... ...te Electronic Classics Series Publication The Writings of Abraham Lincoln in Seven Volumes – Volume Five is a publication of the Penn- sylvania State... ...rge of any kind. Any person using this document file, for any purpose, and in any way does so at his or her own risk. Neither the Pennsylvania State U... ...ny living man in the world ever did, prior to the beginning of the present century (and I might al- most say prior to the beginning of the last half o... ... might al- most say prior to the beginning of the last half of the present century), declare that, in his understanding, any proper divi- sion of loca... ...rnment under which we live,” but with them all other living men within the century in which it was framed, among whom to search, and they shall not be... ...GFIELD, ILLINOIS, JULY 21, 1860. HON. A. JONAS. MY DEAR SIR:—Y ours of the 20th is received. I suppose as good or even better men than I may have been... ...r 26, 1860. MAJOR DA VID HUNTER MY DEAR SIR:—Y our very kind letter of the 20th was duly received, for which please accept my thanks. I have another l... ... MARTIAL LA W IN SAINT LOUIS. St. Louis, November 20, 1861. (Received Nov. 20th.) GENERAL McCLELLAN, For the President of the United States. No writte...

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...Excerpt: In the eleven years that separated the Declaration of the Independence of the United States from the completion of that act in the ordination of our written Constitution, the great minds of America were bent upon the study of...

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...Henry Reeve A Penn State Electronic Classics Series Publication Democracy in America, Volumes One and Two by Alexis de Tocqueville, trans. Henry Reev... ...rge of any kind. Any person using this document file, for any purpose, and in any way does so at his or her own risk. Neither the Pennsylvania State U... ...ained within the document or for the file as an elec- tronic transmission, in any way. Democracy in America, Volumes One and Two by Alexis de Tocquevi... ...cqueville came to study De- mocracy in America, the trial of nearly a half-century of the working of our system had been made, and it had been proved,... ...he further course of events until they open the por- tals of the twentieth century, he would have cast away his fears of our ability to restore peace,... ...Morgan Special Introduction By Hon. John J. Ingalls Nearly two-thirds of a century has elapsed since the appear- ance of “Democracy in America,” by Al... ...States there are only 6,273 Indians remaining. (See Legislative Documents, 20th Congress, No. 117, p. 90.) [The decrease in now far greater, and is ve... ...abiting the United States and their territories. (Legislative Docu- ments, 20th Congress, No. 117, pp. 90-105.) It is there shown that the tribes in t... ...territory should consult the documents I refer to. (Legislative Documents, 20th Con- gress, No. 117, pp. 90-105.) [In the Census of 1870 it is stated ...

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...ist of the navy for the command of squadrons and single ships such officers as he may believe that the good of the service requires to be thus placed in command; and such officers may, if upon the recommendation of the President of the United States they shall receive a vote of thanks of Congress for their services and gallantry in action against an enemy, be restored to t...

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...The Writings of Abraham Lincoln In Seven V olumes V olume 6 of 7 A Penn State Electronic Classics Series Pu... ...te Electronic Classics Series Publication The Writings of Abraham Lincoln in Seven Volumes – Volume Six is a publication of the Pennsyl- vania State ... ...rge of any kind. Any person using this document file, for any purpose, and in any way does so at his or her own risk. Neither the Pennsylvania State U... ...utional advisers, the heads of all the departments, to meet on Sunday, the 20th day of April, 1861, at the office of the Navy Department, and then and... .... Israel W ashburn, Jr., Governor of Maine. H. S. Berry, Gov- ernor of New Hampshire. Frederick Holbrook, Governor of Vermont. William A. Buckingham, ... ...CARL SCHURZ. MY DEAR SIR -I have just received and read your letter of the 20th. The purport of it is that we lost the late elections and the administ... ...commerce that has been steadily increasing through- out a period of half a century. It has, at the same time, excited political ambitions and apprehen... ...State choosing to act under it to abolish slavery now or at the end of the century, or at any intermediate tune, or by degrees extending over the whol... ...s was received as charge d’affaires of the Republic of New Granada. On the 20th of June, 1855, General Pedro Alcantara Herran was again received as en...

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... has displayed uncommon courage, seamanship, affability, or other good qualities, grateful passengers often present him with a token of their esteem, in the shape of teapots, tankards, trays, &c. of precious metal. Among authors, however, bullion is a much rarer commodity than paper, whereof I beg you to accept a little in the shape of this small volume. It contains a few ...

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...rge of any kind. Any person using this document file, for any purpose, and in any way does so at his or her own risk. Neither the Pennsylvania State U... ...ained within the document or for the file as an elec- tronic transmission, in any way. Notes on a Journey from Cornhill to Grand Cairo by William Make... ...ngoing student publication project to bring classical works of literature, in English, to free and easy access of those wishing to make use of them. C... ...My dear Lewis, W. M. Thackeray. London:December 24, 1845. PREFACE ON THE 20TH OF AUGUST, 1844, the writer of this little book went to dine at the—Cl... ...where there is a museum of huge old tumble-down gilded coaches of the last century, lying here, mouldy and dark, in a sort of limbo. The gold has van... ...bows, such as you see in the pic- tures of the shipping of the seventeenth century. The vast groves and towers, domes and quays, tall minarets and sp... ...e manner; and carpenters were mending the park-palings, just as they do in Hampshire. The next thing you might fancy would be the Sultan walking out w... ...iddle ages, and is made to accommodate himself to the fashion of the tenth century. The different churches battle for the possession of the vari- ous ...

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...nting over a spacious park, the undulating ground here turning a broad lawn towards the beams that silvered every blade of grass; there, curving away in banks of velvet green; shadowed by the trees; gnarled old thorns in the holiday suit whence they take their name, giant?s nosegays of horse-chestnuts, mighty elms and stalwart oaks, singly or in groups, the aristocracy of ...

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...rge of any kind. Any person using this document file, for any purpose, and in any way does so at his or her own risk. Neither the Pennsylvania State U... ...ntained within the document or for the file as an electronic transmission, in any way. Heartsease or Brother’s Wife by Charlotte M. Yonge, the Pennsyl... ...ngoing student publication project to bring classical works of literature, in English, to free and easy access of those wishing to make use of them. C... ...dings are very fine, but it is not like our own hills.’ ‘No, it is hard on Hampshire downs to compare them to Cumberland mountains.’ ‘But it is so sun... ...-fashioned place; but, oh, so dull! All their ideas are of the seventeenth century. It will be a severe ordeal for poor Theodora, but if Lady Fotherin... ...rateful heart abounds in rest. —Fouque’s Minstrel Love ‘WRANGERTON, AUGUST 20TH. ‘Y ou must not be frightened, dearest Violet—Albert is safe; thanks t... ...plough! Farming is a happy sedative for English noblemen of the nineteenth century, thought Theodora, as she heard them discussing subsoil and rocks, ... ...er we shall want the rooms!’ ‘How long have we been here?’ ‘We came on the 20th of April, and this is the 3rd of June. What a difference it has made i...

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...Excerpt: If you look at a map of the World, you will see, in the left-hand upper corner of the Eastern Hemisphere, two Islands lying in the sea. They are England and Scotland, and Ireland. England and Scotland form the greater part of these Islands. Ireland is the next in size. The ...

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...ge of any kind. Any person using this document file, for any purpose, and in any way does so at his or her own risk. Neither the Pennsylvania State U... ... tained within the document or for the file as an electronic transmission, in any way. A Child’s History of England by Charles Dickens , the Pennsylv... ...ngoing student publication project to bring classical works of literature, in English, to free and easy access of those wishing to make use of them. C... ...an immense dis A Child’s Histroy of England 66 trict, to form another in Hampshire, called the New Forest. The many thousands of miserable peasants ... ...took place. It secured peace between England and France for a quarter of a century; but it was strongly opposed to the prejudices of the English peopl... ... thing, and were quite satisfied with the prediction. The King died on the 20th of March, 1413, in the forty seventh year of his age, and the four te... ...t Castle: a lonely house on a rock in the sea, connected with the coast of Hampshire by a rough road two miles long at low water. Thence, he was order...

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...Excerpt: Chapter 1. Who will be the new bishop? In the latter days of July in the year 185-, a most important question was for ten days hourly asked in the cathedral city of Barchester, and answered every hour in various ways--Who was to be the new Bishop? The death of old...

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...e of any kind. Any per- son using this document file, for any purpose, and in any way does so at his or her own risk. Neither the Pennsylvania State U... ...ntained within the document or for the file as an electronic transmission, in any way. Barchester Towers by Anthony Trollope, the Pennsylvania State U... ...ngoing student publication project to bring classical works of literature, in English, to free and easy access of those wishing to make use of them. C... ... Mr Harding, Your assured friend, OBH. Slope “The Palace, Monday morning, “20th August, 185-” Mr Harding neither could nor would believe anything of t... ... He was a fair specimen of what that race has come to in our days, which a century ago was, as we are told, fairly represented by Squire Western. If t... ...hose mem- bers had been in almost every cabinet formed during this present century, a brilliant race such as there are few in England, Mr Thorne calle... ... the minister of the day was made aware of the fact at his country seat in Hampshire, and had already turned over in his mind the names of five very r... ...heepish, and making salutations a little too much in the style of the last century. ‘You deceive none but your consti-stit-stit; what do you call the ...

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...rge of any kind. Any person using this document file, for any purpose, and in any way does so at his or her own risk. Neither the Pennsylvania State U... ...ained within the document or for the file as an elec- tronic transmission, in any way. Unknown To History A Story of the Captivity of Mary of Scottlan... ...ngoing student publication project to bring classical works of literature, in English, to free and easy access of those wishing to make use of them. C... ... good-natured lady , interspersing her commands with a volley of sixteenth century Billingsgate, and ending by de- claring that nothing fared well wit... ...r guidance on his hands. Had the lads seen the place at the opening of the century they would have thought it a piteous spectacle, for desecration and... ...owed that but for an accidental lameness be would have been at his home in Hampshire, but he could not deny his knowledge of the treason. All having p... ...e daugh- ter of Queen Mary’s last marriage. I was born at Lochleven on the 20th of February of the year of grace 1567,* and thence secretly sent in th...

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...and yet as close as a good glove?s with your hand. My wife and I knew Captain and Mrs Ashburnham as well as it was possible to know anybody, and yet, in another sense, we knew nothing at all about them. This is, I believe, a state of things only possible with English people of whom, till today, when I sit down to puzzle out what I know of this sad affair, I knew nothing wh...

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...e of any kind. Any per- son using this document file, for any purpose, and in any way does so at his or her own risk. Neither the Pennsylvania State U... ...ntained within the document or for the file as an electronic transmission, in any way. The Good Soldier by Ford Madox Ford, the Pennsylvania State Uni... ...ngoing student publication project to bring classical works of literature, in English, to free and easy access of those wishing to make use of them. C... ...istrate, a first rate soldier, one of the best landlords, so they said, in Hampshire, England. To the poor and to hopeless drunkards, as I myself have... ...e communication cord and the ready sympathy of what I believe you call the Hampshire Bench, that kept the poor devil out of Winches- ter Gaol for year... ...ey asked questions about it in the House of Commons; they tried to get the Hampshire magistrates degraded; they suggested to the War Ministry that Edw... ...ll-balanced man whose family also had been with the Ashburnhams for over a century, took it upon himself to explain that he considered Edward was purs... ...nd Nancy had cause to believe that her aunt did not love her uncle. On the 20th she read the account of the divorce case, which is reported in the pap...

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...ts INTRODUCTION AND PLAN OF THE WORK .......................................................................... 8 BOOK I OF THE CAUSES OF IMPROVEMENT IN THE PRODUCTIVE POWERS OF LABOUR, AND OF THE ORDER ACCORDING TO WHICH ITS PRODUCE IS NATURALLY DISTRIBUTED AMONG THE DIFFERENT RANKS OF THE PEOPLE........... 10 CHAPTER I OF THE DIVISION OF LABOUR .............................

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...rge of any kind. Any person using this document file, for any purpose, and in any way does so at his or her own risk. Neither the Pennsylvania State U... ...ntained within the document or for the file as an electronic transmission, in any way. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations ... ...oing student publication project to bring classical works of litera- ture, in English, to free and easy access of those wishing to make use of them. C... ... The discovery of the abundant mines of America, reduced, in the sixteenth century, the value of gold and silver in Europe to about a third of what it... ...lue of a corn rent, it is to be observed, how- ever, varies much less from century to century than that of a money rent, it varies much more from year... ...mar- ket. But the value of silver, though it sometimes varies greatly from century to century, seldom varies much from year to year, but frequently co... ... clothes, but provisions) which they had been accustomed to receive in the 20th 152 The Wealth of Nations year of the king, and the four preceding ye... ...the present disturbances, used to be but about £18;000 a-year; that of New Hampshire and Rhode Island, £3500 each; that of Connecticut, £4000; that of... ...gars pay £1:1:1; and refined, either double or single, in loaves, £4:2:5 8/20ths. When those high duties were imposed, Great Brit- ain was the sole, a...

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...Excerpt: ON THE 31st of August, 1846, I left Concord in Massachusetts for Bangor and the backwoods of Maine, by way of the railroad and steamboat, intending to accompany a relative of mine engaged in the lumber-trade in Bangor, as far as a dam on the west branch of the Penobsco...

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... . . . . . 199 Ktaadn 1 Ktaadn O N THE 31st of August, 1846, I left Concord in Massachusetts for Bangor and the backwoods of Maine, by way of the rai... ...he railroad and steamboat, intending to accompany a relative of mine engaged in the lumber trade in Bangor, as far as a dam on the west branch of the ... ...lumber trade in Bangor, as far as a dam on the west branch of the Penobscot, in which property he was interested. 1 From this place, which is about on... ... persons engaged in this branch of industry are generally emigrants from New Hampshire. . . . . In the summer they unite in small companies, and trave... ...e of the world, a primitive man. Yet he shall spend a sunny day, and in this century be my contemporary; perchance shall read some scattered leaves of... ...ician who spent many years in this very district of Maine in the seventeenth century, says, that the tips of their horns “are sometimes found to be tw... ... East Branch I STARTED on my third excursion to the Maine woods Monday, July 20th, 1857, with one companion, arriving at Bangor the next day at noon. ... ... depended on to stop bears with. He had already stopped one somewhere in New Hampshire, and I can testify that he stopped a stage in Maine. This party... .... Yet F. A. Michaux states that in Maine, Vermont, and the upper part of New Hampshire, &c., the hemlock forms three fourths of the evergreen woods, t...

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... a Homeland Defense 14 1.3 National Crisis Management 35 2. THE FOUNDATION OF THE NEW TERRORISM 47 2.1 A Declaration of War 47 2.2 Bin Ladin?s Appeal in the Islamic World 48 2.3 The Rise of Bin Ladin and al Qaeda (1988?1992) 55 2.4 Building an Organization, Declaring War on the United States (1992?1996) 59 2.5 Al Qaeda?s Renewal in Afghanistan (1996?1998) 63 3. COUNTERTERR...

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...HE NEW TERRORISM 47 2.1 A Declaration of War 47 2.2 Bin Ladin’s Appeal in the Islamic World 48 2.3 The Rise of Bin Ladin and al Qaeda (1988–1992... ...Declaring War on the United States (1992–1996) 59 2.5 Al Qaeda’s Renewal in Afghanistan (1996–1998) 63 3. COUNTERTERRORISM EVOLVES 71 3.1 From t... ...First World Trade Center Bombing 71 3.2 Adaptation—and Nonadaptation— ...in the Law Enforcement Community 73 3.3 . . . and in the Federal Aviation... ...tments and agencies that prevailed in the great struggles of the twentieth century must work together in new ways, so that all the instruments of nati... ...nd eventually under Ottoman Turkish control. Many Muslims look back at the century after the revelations to the Prophet Mohammed as a golden age. Its ... ...iteral teachings of the Qur’an and Hadith. One scholar from the fourteenth century from whom Bin Ladin selectively quotes, Ibn Taimiyyah, condemned bo... ...attempting to climb to the roof. 67 T wo on-duty NYPD officers were on the 20th floor of the North T ower at 8:46.They climbed to the 29th floor, urgi... ... 4 (Mar. 16, 2004). Nineteen of them returned upstairs, where 18 died; the 20th was told by her supervisor, who was in the group, to leave rather than... ...st is a political/reli- gious phenomenon linked to the great events of the 20th century. Furthermore Islamists define themselves as ‘Islamiyyoun/Islam...