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...The present booklet examines two incidents of the Arab Spring. The Arab Spring of Oman and the Arab Spring of Libya. However the emphasis is on the Libyan Arab Spring, and the toppling of the Libyan dictator Muammar Qaddafi in 2011. Qaddafi was a very strongheaded dictator, and somehow he managed to bring everyone against him dur...

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...Iran’s Role in the Arab Spring of Libya Iakovos Alhadeff Table of ContentsThe Arab Spring in Oma... ...ovos Alhadeff Table of ContentsThe Arab Spring in OmanThe Arab Spring in Libya Articles The Arab Spring in OmanA very good article... ...mselves on the same side during someincidents of the Arab Spring (Tunisia, Libya, Egypt), even though they arekilling each other in Syria, with Iran s... ...as a crucial forcemultiplier for Chadian dictator Idris Deby during battles in the capital in 2006 and2008.As part of a global mission to tackl... ...ncil, Mustafa Abdel-Jalil, who described the Qataris as having planned the battles that paved the way forvictory.http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011... ...8th ParagraphsAbout 75 Chinese companies operated in Libya before the war, involving about 36,000staff and 50 projects, according to Chinese media.Rus...

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...rst time all the original sources for early British History have been collected together in one document. King Arthur, Julius Caesar, Saint Patrick, Battles, Invasions, Romance and magic. For the first time the original words of Welsh Bards and Roman Soldiers are combined to give one story. Irish myths, Greek histories, Saxon Chronicles. Read the original stories behind T...

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... of Baghna; and the battle of Cnamh Rossagainst the Fomorians. Neimhidh gained these battles. Neimhidh afterwards died of a plague, together with thr... ...irthemne inBrega; Mag Bernsa in Laighne; Leccmag and Mag Moda in Mumu. He won three battles agains the Fomoraig [or sea-rovers]: the battle ofBadbgna... ...nd after the last battle of Mag Tuired, and there were twenty-seven yearsbetween the battles. Then Eochu Ollathair, the great Dagda, son of Elada, wa... ... it to be the Nile; and reason favours that view. For the Nilecertainly flows out of Libya, dividing it down the middle, and as I conceive,judging the... ...onies of the Milesians. Now these are the farthest regions of the world in Asia and Libya. Of theextreme tracts of Europe towards the west I cannot s... ...rns. There is a line of Homer's in the Odyssey which gives a support to myopinion:- Libya too, where horns hud quick on the foreheads of lambkins. He... ...that he had not been able to attain his goal in anundertaking of so great magnitude, involving the overthrow of Nero and theliberation of the Romans. ... ...e. [For Vespasian was ingeneral not rashly inclined and he hesitated very much about involving himselfin such troublous affairs.] But people favored ...

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...Waging War without Congress First Declaring It examines American actions involving Korea and Vietnam, which were the first major wars not formally declared as such by Congress. Not all is at it first appears, and Americans interested in understanding how fundamental American principles are summar...

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...Cover Photo:Wikimedia details that the photograph used on the cover shows the battleshipUSS WISCONSIN (BB-64) firing a round February 6, 1991, from on... ...present), Yugoslavia (1999), Haiti (1999), Somalia (1992-1993),Panama (1989), Libya (1986), Grenada (1983) and Beirut (1982-1984).Congress has issued ... ....The supreme Court chose not to address any of the dozens of lowercourt cases involving the Vietnam War, preferring to stay out ofmatter, perhaps to a... ...astic thing about finally fighting The Right Fight is that 227years of losing battles may be completely overcome.No action by any member of Congress, ... ...were subsequently soldinto private hands.The resolutions and legislative acts involving these lands prove theirhistorical purpose.Virginia was one of ... ... Journals 256 @ 259. 12. Unimproved land, of its own accord, could fight no battles—thus, it would take the people of all the States to free those a...

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...illion contributions, citing faked invoices, phony training events and other abuses, chiefly involving health ministries in some African countries. F... ...orporations and did nothing. He actively helped to install the radical muslim governments in Libya, Egypt and Syria, continuingwork started by Bill C... ...h the Christian states of Europe and confrontationensued, that culminated in several decisive battles that saw muslim forces defeated and islam pushed... ...rse, especially when considered as the creation of a superhuman agency or agencies, usually involving devotional and ritual observances, and often... ... 84 86,000 Iran 84 100,000 Libya 84 Dominican Republic ... ... refused to convert to islam in every country they conquered along the way. This is whyEgypt, Libya, Tunisia and Algers are predominantly Arab countri...

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...solationistpolitical leaders backed by public opinion. Regardless of whether it was“battleships, bombers, or the United States Infantry Rifle, Model 1... ...d by the Air Force.22 Withan overall Defense Department budget of only $11 billion, battles overroles and missions were furious, with the fate of each... ...papercompared Operation Bright Star to Operation El Dorado Canyon and theUS raid on Libya and noted how many of the problems which hamperedthat operat... ... use of CONUS-based long-rangebombers to Egypt. Many of the issues that plagued the Libyan raid—thelarge numbers of strike, support, and refueling air... ...acquisition of bombers. Consequently,bombers lost their voice in the appropriations battles at the headquarterslevel before the debate got inside the ... ...ast Morocco, whose troopswere in the Golan Heights. They also passed by Algeria and Libya, both ofwhom were anti-United States. Algeria actually had M... ...ce to-gether are part of the process of using force to pursue national interests.By involving the United Kingdom and attempting to involve the Frencha...

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...a Valley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Libya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ...ley Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 3 Libya Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ...sraeli operations inthe Bekaa Valley (June 1982), (3) Operation El DoradoCanyon, Libya (April 1986), and (4) Operation Desert Storm,Ira... ...gn, likewise, was a model in that itwas a closely coordinated, intricately timed operation involvingall the services at once in the initial phases of ... ...dependent War-fighting Mentality: decentralized execution wars fought as series of battles primarily, a raid mentality secondarily, a li... ...econdarily, a limited campaign mentality long-term, continuously waged war unsuited for battles of short duration due to limited storage capacit... ...require resources needed for a long-termeffort. Piecemeal tactics are suited for raids and battles, notcampaigns and wars of lengthy duration that req... ...s evolved fromsingle-site, one-on-one concepts of operation to integrated forceapplication involving hundreds of aircraft, cruise missiles,helicopters...

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...he first masterful account of a prolongedwar, recording the vicissitudes of battles as they changed thefortunes of societies locked in a struggle whic... ...n during the 1980s, employingfull-conventional weapons and tactics in their battles. Andearly in 1990, Charles Taylor’s rebel forces made surprisingly... ...in 1958, the Dominican Republic in 1965, andGrenada in 1983. The US raid on Libya in 1986 and the ousterof Gen Manuel Noriega from power in Panama in ... ... 8 MAGYAR“innumerable but indecisive battles.”20 This is, of course,anathema to short-war doctrines. Mao’s lega... ... conflicts. The Irish Republican Army has onoccasion been tied to New York, Libya, and the Marxist world;Israel has been engaged in several conflicts ... ...in neighboring countries. According toChristoper C. Joyner, Save for Syria, Libya, and (what was then) South Yeman, all the Arab governments supported... ...clude some 6,630 people who were killed and about 8,000 wounded inconflicts involving Palestinians. Also, the report stated that some 17,415people rem... ... controlled much of BET.12 It alsobrought Malloum to cease-fire conferences involving Chad,Niger, Libya, and Sudan in Sebha and Benghazi, Libya. In th... ...d by competition between three rival liberationmovement; (2) a regional war involving South Africa and Cuba,and (3) a global power struggle in which t...

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... Foreword Many of our leaders recognize the propensity to forget lessons from earlier battles. This is especially true of joint or ... ...ve integration across components for decisive joint action on and above the contemporary battlespace.4 Bitterness amongst Bri... ...ences in the way they conceptualised their re- spective operations and the way they fought their battles against the formidable Wehrma... ...combined plan for the defence of Egypt. British offensive opera- tions against Italian forces in Libya—namely Operation Com- pass in t... ...lan of operations was the key to victory.45 Tedder believed that the best way to win the war in Libya was by combining the unique off... ... posal required both careful management and tact. After a series of preliminary discussions involving Eisenhower, Tedder, Portal, ...

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... the threat ofWorld WarIII may be greatly reduced, the possibility of wars involving Americantroops remains high. These wars probably will be conducte... ...ay, or seasons of theyear. Our most recent experiences in Panama, Grenada, Libya, and thePersian Gulf have proven that modern war requires joint air, ... ...ar lII has been greatly reduced,there is a high probability of future wars involving American troops.The war today is in the Persian Gulf. Next week i... ...orm will it take? Will it be a seriesof small, isolated land, sea, and air battles? Will the actual battles belimited to only daytime and good weather... ...or season of the year.' The mostrecent US military experiences in Grenada, Libya, and Panama gave noindication that this will change. Operation Desert... ...ack oftechnology. From World War H until Operation El Dorado Canyonagainst Libya in 1986, night tactical air warriors were frustrated byequipment limi... ...e.This chapter examines some of the current training programs andexercises involving joint night operations. The intended focus of this chapteris onla...

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...er of enemy fighters. He displayed conspicu-ous leadership above and beyond the call of duty involving personal valor andintrepidity at an extreme haz... ...e (fig. 1) ruled with an advanced administrative infra-structure all the way from Greece and Libya to India.4 IRAN’S PERCEPTIONS... ...ough Iran still paidBritain a large punitive indemnity. A similar but more momen-tous crisis involving oil would play itself out 60 years later, indi-... ...t the war from a long list of rich, power-ful backers, while Iran could count only Syria and Libya asfriends.37 Saddam’s broad international support, ... ...rned off the spigot tomor-row, Hezbollah would continue fighting its own political andsocial battles in Lebanon. As one noted scholar put it, Iran wil... ...dam, subway, and pipelineprojects under way.47 Beijing disregards provisions of the US Iran-Libya SanctionsAct (ILSA), which threaten sanctions again... ... leadership. The UnitedStates should also be prepared to negotiate with Iran on anotherissue involving Iraq. The Mujahideen e Khalq, or MEK, is a ter-...

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...irut) Show of Force Attacks and Raids (Kuwait) (Libya) HASSKAMP 5United Nations peacekeepin... ...force or threat of force is interwoven with diplomatic andeconomic efforts, often involving both governmental andnongovernmental organizations (NGO). ... ...icy embracing operations other than war.Ever since the United States “won all the battles but lostthe war” in Vietnam, many in the US military have ta... ...of US Assets34 – Exploration of America’s West, roads, – Stop piracy out of Libya telegraphs, forts, and ports – Assist noncombatant ... ... in formerly MarxistMozambique during July 1996. This was a “low-key” opera -tion involving 11 members of the Third Airborne Group, USSpecial Forces, ... ...emain unbe -deviled by OOTW missions, free to concentrate on trainingfor decisive battles of annihilation.” 114 Mendel’s principlesare sound, but crea...

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.........87 4.7. Remarks on the Chinese horoscope and history................................89 4.8. The two battles of Lissa............. ...s is at stake. But there is also the influence of the names of importantgeographical objects which can become places, where battles take place or impo... ...s of military commanders or betweentheir names and the places of the military operations have influenced the outcomes ofthe battles). In section 1.4 w... ... are the same.On February 7th 1941, 115 000 Italians surrendered after a battle against the Britishtroops near Benghazi (in Libya). A British officer ... ...m an exact square, but this has no historical significance.)An example of death in sesqui-quadrate is the one of the former Libyan dictatorMuammar Gad... ...one of the former Libyan dictatorMuammar Gaddafi (born on June 7th 1942, killed on October 20th 2011 during thecivil war in Libya). It is in sesqui-qu... ...slavia was to begin two years later).4.6. The Rule 5.In this section we give examples of couples of events involving the sameprota...

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...resent-day situation calls for a much morestringent and long-term approach involving informationwarfare, special operations capability, and internatio... ...USefforts against terrorism are blunted by bureaucratic infightingand turf battles. The question continues: Is terrorism a criminal ... ...ing the perpetrators of the Achille Lauro affair in 1985and the bombing of Libya in 1986 cannot obscure the factthat America’s own war on terrorism ha... ...oreover, beyond their ownfrontiers such rogue or outlaw states as Iran and Libya havesupported nonterritorial terrorist groups as a technique inwhat c... ...ometimes culminates a CT operation. The entireprocess is a continuous one, involving intelligence gather -ing, force planning, interagency coordinatio... ...esin 1985 at the Rome and Vienna airports and the accompany-ing charges of Libyan involvement have still to lead to con -certed action. Very early in ... ...on of a terrorist incident can be risky,as evidenced by the recent episode involving the Egyptianairliner in Malta; careful planning and accurate, det... ...ment departments and agencies are still com -plicated by bureaucratic turf battles. But the ambiguity of thenature of terrorism is perhaps most cogent... ...mpediments are (1) the continuationof bureaucratic turf and jurisdictional battles that will hamperthe development of a national, regional, and intern...

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...manship will encourage the peaceful resolution of differences in conflicts involvingmajor developed states. These statesmen will not base their decisi... ...asualties in the third world's civil wars involved civilians caught in the battlesfrom which they could not escape, or they were victims of ensuing st... ...y were short affairs, withcontinuous actions marked by a series of related battles. 21 But modern insurgencywarfare, expertly formalized in the writin... ...s the basic fact that tribal wars have been traditionally characterized by battles inpursuit of nonpolitical objectives. 35 Africa's wars are modern, ... ...cal change among worldreligions. In addition to the prevalence of conflict involving Islamic groups, Islam hastwo salient characteristics that make it... ...s were hotbeds of radical resistancefighters. These examples of conflicts involving population overpressures pale in comparisonto some solutions adva... ...ationfrom the crash of Pan Am flight 103 resulted in the indictment of two Libyan intelligenceagents but stopped short of implicating Muamrnar Kaddafi... ...nceagents but stopped short of implicating Muamrnar Kaddafi himself or the Libyangovernment. 39 Without the existence of a “smoking gun,” responsible ... ...esult of the 1987 discotheque bombing in WestBerlin clearly implicated the Libyan government in the killing of three people andwounding of others. The...

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... strategy . . . Therefore I say: Know the enemy and know yourself; in a hundred battles you will never be in peril. ... ...es, and they prospered when merchant families in theunstable, oil-rich countries (Libya, Iraq, Iran, South Yemen, and Syria allunderwent revolutions, ... ...f $50 to $100 million. At different times, Abu Nidal was hired bySyria, Iraq, and Libya to do their bidding, which included assassinationsof PLO repre... ...sof PLO representatives in the late 1970s and an attempt on Arafat’s life in1974. Libya had made its debut into terrorism by stuffing $1 million intot... ..., the Sunnis were busy fighting the Afghan war whilethe Shiites were fighting the battles of Lebanon. Hizb’Allah carried outnumerous hijackings, kidna... ...mes of fresh conquest with the conduct of the war, and will abstainfrom willfully involving yourselves in other dangers; indeed, I am moreafraid of ou...

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...n enemyforce in a specified space and time with simultaneous andsequential battles.”8 The 1982 publication of FM 100-5eliminated the active defense do... ...C and the land component headquarters. TheBCE was organized for operations involving echelons abovecorps and was staffed by approximately 30 soldiers.... ...l. 2, pt. 1, 326. 32. Bernard L. Montgomery, High Command in War (Tripoli, Libya:Mediterranean Expeditionary Force, 1943), 2. 33. GWAPS, vol. 2, pt. 2... ...s that on the modern battlefieldthe lines of distinction between these two battles tend to blu r.6 During an interview in 1993, General Franks describ... ... Force doctrine maintains the FSCL is aboundary between the close and deep battles, and the JFACChas responsibility for synchronizing operations beyon... ...d is unclassified. 7. Bernard L. Montgomery, High Command in War (Tripoli, Libya:Mediterranean Expeditionary Force, 1943), 2. After finally achieving ... ...nce, 19 December 1996.Montgomery, Bernard L. High Command in War. Tripoli, Libya: Mediterranean Expeditionary Force, 1943.NATO Allied Tactical Publi...

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...n, integration,and conduct of strategies, campaigns, major operations, and battles. This thesis assesses the capabilities of RTIC from two perspective... ...n, integration, and conduct of strategies, campaigns, majoroperations, and battles.1 This process concludes at the tactical level with theemployment o... ...s theater campaign planand ending with bombs on target, but a cyclical one involving constantfeedback and continuously updated taskings. Further discu... ...h applies Sun Tzu’s dictum: “Know theenemy and know yourself; in a hundred battles you will never be in peril.”5Today’s phrase for Sun Tzu’s maxim, an... ...installations, control of movement, and the conduct of tactical operations involving troopsunder the commander’s control, along with parallel authorit... ...on to new heights—literally andfiguratively—during the Italian invasion of Libya in 1911 and soon after overthe battlefields of World War I.4 Many of ... ...ths areexemplified by the following sensor-processor-shooter-RTIC scenario involvinghigh priority TBM detection and targeting. Geosynchronous DSP sate...

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...the Belgians in the Congo; the Germans in Southwest Africa; the Italiansin Libya, Ethiopia, and Somalia; the Dutch in the East Indies; the French in N... ...ften been treated by the apologists of imperialism as a naturalphenomenon, involving an ”international specialization of production.” In fact, what is... ...Dominican Republic, North Korea, Laos, Cambodia, Lebanon, Grenada, Panama, Libya, Iraq,and Somalia, sowing varying degrees of death and destruction.Be... ... as in Cuba, Vietnam, and North Korea; anIslamic revolutionary order as in Libya under Qaddafi; or even a conservative militarist regime as inIraq und... ...how the flag” - vintage imperialist terminologyfor the practice of sending battleships to foreign ports to intimidate restive populations with adispla... ...rred toas ”gunboat diplomacy.” Today, it is less likely to be a gunboat or battleship than a naval task forcewith aircraft carriers, fighter bombers, ... ...and then as a nation-building operation. U.S. and UN troops fought pitched battles, killing several thousand Somalis, inattempts to hunt down a ”warlo... ...as representative rather than exhaustive.One could add many more instances involving political scientists, economists, historians,sociologists, psycho...

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... Secretary Rice sees little chance of the future securityenvironment involving the US in a global war, he points to a RandCorporation... ...higher end of the conflictspectrum ." He sees the future security arena involving adversarieswho "will have available the means to la... ...for a host of reasons, including theperceived threat of escalation involving the Soviet Union-wasunwilling to employ the ultima... ...989 Panamainterventions, as well as the air strike in 1986 against Libya-unilateral US action on a time-urgent basis. Desert Stor... ...nment to be able to respondin the form of retaliatory raids-as in Libya in 1986-againstspecified targets if, for example, US int... ...e-sponsored terrorist activity, for which the retaliatorystrike against Libya in 1986 forms a model . In low-intensity ... ...opf. We have moved from the age of thehorse and the sail through the age of the battleship and the tank to theage of the airplane. Like its illustriou... ... mass andmaneuver were competing principles. The outcome of battlesfrequently hinged on the careful selection and timing o... ...ch of the credit for theactual success of effort is due to obscure battles fought in thePentagon in 1985 and 1986 for a joint a...

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...he wanted to return to bombing Germany unless there was anurgent situation involving ground forces, and to ignore the V-1 sites.30Eisenhower, however,... ...ingcapability. He thought the sites could be used to bring about great air battles that woulddestroy the Allied air forces and keep the bombing pressu... ...he other hand, launched Scuds directly at Baghdadafter acquiring them from Libya and North Korea in 1985. Baghdad waseasily within range of Iranian Sc... ...y.) As discussed, Iran and Iraq fired over 500 Scuds apiece at oneanother. Libya fired two Scuds at a US Coast Guard base on the Italianisland Lampedu... ... raid on Tripoli. Bothmissiles fell harmlessly into the Mediterranean Sea. Libyan presidentMuammar Qadhafi said if he had possessed a missile that cou...