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Cyclopedia of issues in economics analyzed through the prism of the economies of countries in transition, emerging markets, and developing countries.

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...s are all such cases. This could be argued against by saying that, in the case of economic hardship, f or instance, the damage to the mother's fut... ...ctly valid couples. "I am an Israeli ..." Therefore: "I am not ... (a citizen of country X, which is not Israel)". You can safely derive the tru... ...rian" implies 220 possible positive statements of the type "I am ... (a citizen of country X, which is not India)", including the statement "I am a... ...with them my affiliation to the human species. But my moral obligations towards my countrymen supersede these obligation. I share with my compatrio... ... Problem In the catechism of capitalism, shares represent the part- ownership of an economic enterprise, usually a firm. The value of shares is dete... ...n of the "Principal-Agent Problem". It is defined thus by the Oxford Dictionary of Economics: "The problem of how a person A can motivate person B ... ...criptive, or informative, sentence. In this we also include ascriptions, examples, classifications, etc. The expressive sentence is also objective ...

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...n based on his judgments and to be left alone in an apartment in a foreign country would be one major discomfort she would not tolerate. He began to m... ...fficers, part of an educated middle class, and a million other activities, classifications, and identities, this traditional greeting with the folded ... ...ng the fact that one large tent spread throughout the room would be a more economical investment than three smaller ones, one would think that you wou... ...Metropolitan Transportation Department and thereby resurrect himself as an economic deliverer and a masculine force to be admired instead of dog excre... ...he whiter he was, the more such Thais seemed to own the enterprises of the country. To his brother, Kumpee, like the father, he had existed as a verba... ...ssed by blandly in dizzying headaches caused by the sun of the weatherless country during the dry season. When the rainy season set in there was the ... ...ely consuming something or another interpreted as conditions prosperous or economically disparaging. Further into the heart of the city, Suthep s...

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...odern philosophy: The philosophy of science and religion, the cognitive sciences, cultural studies, aesthetics, art and literature, the philosophy of economics, the philosophy of psychology, and ethics....

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...s are all such cases. This could be argued against by saying that, in the case of economic hardship, f or instance, the damage to the mother's fut... ...ctly valid couples. "I am an Israeli ..." Therefore: "I am not ... (a citizen of country X, which is not Israel)". You can safely derive the tru... ...rian" implies 220 possible positive statements of the type "I am ... (a citizen of country X, which is not India)", including the statement "I am a... ...with them my affiliation to the human species. But my moral obligations towards my countrymen supersede these obligation. I share with my compatrio... ... Problem In the catechism of capitalism, shares represent the part- ownership of an economic enterprise, usually a firm. The value of shares is dete... ...n of the "Principal-Agent Problem". It is defined thus by the Oxford Dictionary of Economics: "The problem of how a person A can motivate person B ... ...criptive, or informative, sentence. In this we also include ascriptions, examples, classifications, etc. The expressive sentence is also objective ...

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... HIV/AIDS using FCM, BAM and Neutrosophic Cognitive Maps. As in our study and analysis we felt several of the factors related with the psycho, socio, economic problems of these HIV/AIDS patients from rural Tamil Nadu (a southernmost state in India) remain indeterminate apart from the data being an unsupervised one. At the outset, we first emphasize that the study and analy...

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...ey are maximum infected using fuzzy matrices 16 2.2. Analysis of socio economic position of the HIV/AIDS patients using FCM 36 2.3 Combined... ...mbined FCM to study the HIV/AIDS affected migrant labourers’ socio-economic problem 62 2.4 Combined disjoint block FCMs and its applicat... ...d NRM to study the HIV/AIDS Affected Migrant Labourers and their Socio-economic Conditions 5.1 Use of FRM in the study of relation between ... ...cases because of environmental degradation. In between these two diverse classifications, there exist a great mass of people, whose migration is a ... ...mbalur district. He is married and has switched his job from working in a country medicine shop to a shop in Burma Bazaar. He earlier worked in the ... ...l! This was surprising. He had gone to Mumbai in order to go to a foreign country. He says that he was basically an agriculturist coolie. He was lat... ...s that he always had money to visit CSWs though he was poor. He has taken country medicine for 60 days but he is of the opinion that it was of no us...

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... landscape scale for extended periods, even if such action may be negative in aggregate over time. Chapter Four then changes tack to introduce the country of Myanmar and Cyclone Nargis as a case study, which Chapters Five to Nine use to discuss the impact of Nargis on the Delta environment and its community under different classifications to illustrate different factors...

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... 21 Evaluation of Natural Disasters 22 Chapter 2 –Components of Disasters and NRM 27 Economic Analysis – Five Forms of Capital 27 The Significance of Context 31 Ecosystems Functional Analysis 35 A Note on Statistics ...

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...to the Minister of Labour and Social Policy By: Dr. Sam Vaknin Formerly Economic Advisor to the Government of the Republic of Macedonia Skopje... ...sity. The author wishes to thank Ms. Lidija Rangelovska for sharing her Country Assessment Survey results for Macedonia with the author. Her surve... ...set wages. Wages and unemployment benefits are perceived as complementary economic stabilizers (contra the business cycle). Another possibility ... ...ll – as is the case in Belgium (though only for up to 2 months). It makes economic sense, because their activities replace social outlays. In Bri... ...ts international obligations to the IMF and the World Bank. Generally, a country can ease interest rates, or provide a fiscal boost to the economy b... ...ey will take advantage of existing schemes (and ask for more, pitting one country against another). But these will never be the determining factors ... ...mergence of almost universally applied UN-sponsored Standard National Job Classifications: How many are employed and not reported or registered? How...

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..., but I was inspired from the 'upside-down situation' that existed in the country. I started from politic, social, and immediately got to literature... ...nship, one searches Mathematics in connection with Psychology, Sociology, Economics, and Literature. 13 This is a foundation study of the NEU... ...erpretation - by using neutrosophic probability and statistics). In economics Keynes chose for the concept of "unstable equilibrium" (<The Gene... ...ry new theory always be exactly the reverse of the old one" [Mark Blaug, <Economics Theory in Retrospective>]. Neohegelians: Reconciliation of cont... ...) unconditioned - of one's own will; for example, the today's third world country people imitating/following the western ideology, politics, culture... ...ic neutrosophy: s/t. c) An Illusion: Suppose you travel to a third world country, for example Romania. You arrive in the capital city of Bucharest... ... Logics (classical logic). The criteria are not exhausted. There are sub-classifications too. Let’s take the Modal Logic which is an extension of...

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...once worked well for poet-singers‘ stories failed to meet the needs of an economic species that irrigated fields, planted crops, and raised livestock... ...nd commercial centers of their age. As temple complexes grew into major economic enterprises, many workers were needed to handle large quantities ... ...t soon thereafter: ―The golden afternoon of the Roman occupation—when the countryside lay at peace, dotted with opulent villas surrounded by fertile... ...he twentieth century.‖ Wealthy British-Roman citizens built into their country houses a hypocaust central heating system with underground furnace... ...ldboard plow and the three-field planting system had brought considerable economic stability, and the Black Death pandemic had peaked near the middl... ...d penny newspapers and multiplied the total newspaper circulation in this country more than tenfold between 1886 and 1900. It jumped from three mill... ...le for Andrew Carnegie’s public libraries. Melvil Dewey’s Decimal Classifications system made them easy to find by checking data cards in...

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...once worked well for poet-singers‘ stories failed to meet the needs of an economic species that irrigated fields, planted crops, and raised livestock... ...and commercial centers of their age. As temple complexes grew into major economic enterprises, many workers were needed to handle large quantities ... ...t soon thereafter: ―The golden afternoon of the Roman occupation—when the countryside lay at peace, dotted with opulent villas surrounded by fertile... ... the twentieth century.‖ Wealthy British-Roman citizens built into their country houses a hypocaust central heating system with underground furnace... ...ldboard plow and the three-field planting system had brought considerable economic stability, and the Black Death pandemic had peaked near the middl... ...d penny newspapers and multiplied the total newspaper circulation in this country more than tenfold between 1886 and 1900. It jumped from three mill... ...le for Andrew Carnegie’s public libraries. Melvil Dewey’s Decimal Classifications system made them easy to find by checking data cards in...

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...so called Theravada), one of which tends to dominate in any given Buddhist country. Loosely speaking, the Mahayana tends to stress the possibility of ... ...of both religious and so- cial reform. It met no serious resistance in its country of origin (that was to come centuries later, with the resurgence of... ...eligious ideology that would keep its peoples under its administrative and economic thumb. A single God who is the supreme ruler had for centuries bee... ...f Bulgaria, nor of Saqsin; I am not of the Kingdom of Iraquain, nor of the country of Khora-san. I am not of this world, nor of the next, nor of Parad... ...properly have more to do with the value-judgments of the person making the classifications than the content or origin of the experiences. I would very... ...onmental Ethics, vol. 1, no. 3, Fall 1979, pp. 255-62. Stites, Sara Henry: Economics of the Iroquois, AMS Press edition, 1978. (First published as the...

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... fact that almost all of our voice communications are sent in the clear.'the business of finding economical secure ways to secure voice transmissions ... ... as a whole be made safe from the TEMPEST point of view before we would authorize traffic of all classifications to be processed. This brought enough ... ... at great costand-in mostenvironments-with considerable risk. , 3. There remain a number of more economical ways for hostile SIGINT to recover intelli... ...y to Itrateaic aDd tactical militarY operations but to the fields of diplomacy, tecbnolol)', aDd economic warfare as well. In fact, it extends to almo... ... vulnerabilities were pervasive. Nonh Vietnamese and Viet Cons qents bad inftltrated most of the country. Yet the Purple Dragons were never able to de... ...secure the world." Some still think. so. (U) After Vietnam, there was a strona consensus in this country that the U.S. would DOt qain commit forces to... ...ns for a decade or more unless some truly vital interest was at state - like the invasion of our country. There was a correlative view that such an ev...

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...government, a true democrat and a con- servative statesman, socialism as an economic panacea, the ~ - 6 The University of Chicago Press communist... ...me, His Majesty, His Grace; the Apostle to the Gentiles, "the Father of his Country;" order of the Red Eagle, Knight Commander of the Bath; "Allow ... ...he programme was "Our German Visitor;" The king's motto is " For God and My Country." NoTE.-T~~ Botanicd Gasette, in footnotes, uses no quotation m... ... to be the only important consideration." "It is so in war; it is so in the economic life; it cannot be otherwise in religion." "Let us not enter in... ...d not reach the English societies in time to secure a full quota from that country. Sir Henry Campbell, who had the matter in charge, being absent ... ...ce which should be hyphenated, and which do not fall under any of the above classifications : after-years bas-relief bee-line bill-of-fare birth...

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...ason • Wheezing, dry cough, hoarseness, or chronic sore throat There are two classifications of acidosis: respiratory and metabolic. Respiratory aci... ...hy in the past. With modernization and social reforms in the past century our economic condition has greatly improved and there is less disparity, pa... ...se and other circulatory conditions are the number-one cause of death in this country, killing nearly one million Americans every year. You could be... ...is means that this disease is prevalent in around 12% of all the women in the country. The worst part is that around 70% to 80% of all the breast can... ...ent of prostate disorders. Take about 30 milligrams of this mineral everyday. Country Life Chelated Zinc -- 50 mg - 100 Tablets 6. Vitamin E is bene...

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...ain sections reflecting upon the es- tablished methods of sociological and economic science…. The last four words will not attract the butterfly reade... ...dary 12 A Modern Utopia lines the epidemic, the breeding barbarian or the economic power, will gather its strength to overcome you. The swift march o... ... villa gardens before he may ex- pand in his little scrap of reserved open country. Such is al- ready the poor Londoner’s miserable fate…. Our Utopia ... ... native earth has seen. It is now our terrestrial experience that whenever economic and political developments set a class free to travel, that class ... ...d to-day; the touring clubs and hotel associations that have tariffed that country and France so effectually will have had their fine Utopian equivale... ...pinewoods, primrose-strewn tracks amidst the budding thickets of the lower country, paths running beside rushing streams, paths across the wide spaces... ...ian mind. Throughout Utopia there is, of course, no other than provisional classifications, since every being is regarded as finally unique, but for p... ...n an- tagonism to the State organisation. Obviously, this is the rudest of classifications, and no Uto- pian has ever supposed it to be a classificati... ...ts, to mingle something very like animosity with that suspicion. For crude classifications and false generalisations are the curse of all organised hu...

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... young classical student as Gas, and the austere student of the science of Economics as Theorising, unsuit- able for his methods of research. In our a... ...rence. This ideal of uniqueness in all individuals is not only true of the classifications of material science; it is true and still more evidently tr... ... the purposes of fiscal con- 26 First and Last Things troversy discovered economic types; but this is a transparent device, and one is surprised to f... ...ss, some sublime, some—such as pride—wicked. I do not readily accept these classifications. Many people seem to make a selection among their motives w... ...to make a selection among their motives without much enquiry, taking those classifications as just; they seek to lead what they call pure lives or use... ...refuge in the residuum. So we have men and women abandoning their share in economic development, crushing the impulses and evading the complications t... ...es systematically and enduringly, but dimly he loves also his city and his country, his creed and his race; he loves it may be less intensely but over... ...central organization. I admit it becomes a very confusing riddle in such a country as England to deter- mine which is the Catholic Church; whether it ... ...st as obstructed and embar- rassed ministers of State can best serve their country at times by resigning office and appealing to the public judgment b...

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...entation of the same) and yet to treat it, at close quarters and for fully economic expression’s possible sake, as if it were important and essential—... ...together while she answered, as they went, that the most “hopeless” of her countryfolk were in general precisely those she liked best. All sorts of ot... ...al tower and waterside fields, of huddled English town and ordered English country. Too deep al- most for words was the delight of these things to Str... ...ly waited; I’ve told it to people I’ve met in the cars—the fact is, such a country as this ain’t my kind of country anyway. There ain’t a country I’ve... ...of their purpose, no trib- ute to letters; it was of a mere rich kernel of economics, politics, ethics that, glazed and, as Mrs. Newsome main- tained ... ...her said, “of people who are not nice.” “I delight,” she replied, “in your classifications. But do you want me,” she asked, “to give you in the matter...

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... motor-car and its engine was being worked out “over there,” while in this country the mechanically propelled road vehicle, lest it should frighten th... ...... The universities are poor and spiritless, with no ambition to lead the country. I met a Boy Scout recently. He was hopeful in his way, but a littl... ...ds of prosperous Americans to summer in Europe. Compared with any European country, the whole popula- tion of the United States is fluid. Equally nota... ...t Look at India, again, and South Africa. Is it not manifest that from the economic and busi- ness points of view each of these is an entirely separat... ...entirely upon British gold—those impassioned British imperialist views the economic link theory would lead me to expect. And another link, too, upon w... ...pan in Welt-Politik is our ally. You see, the British Empire has no common economic in- terests and no natural common enemy. It is not adapted to any ... ...for methods of comparison between work and work, they begin to emulate the classifications and exact measurements of a science, and to set up ideals a... ...he authoritative parents of sociology, we shall have to substitute for the classifications of the social sciences an inquiry into the chief literary f...

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... it was a mere formality, a curious survival of mediævalism cherished by a country that makes no breaks with its past. The spirit and idea of the whol... ...nd invincible kingdom of Kent in which I write and that extremely inferior country, England, which was con- quered by the Normans and brought under th... ...istent, more intellectualized and less intense physical de- sires than the countryside. Moral qualities that were a disad- vantage in the dispersed st... ...ld is the more important thing. It may be objected, however, that existing economic con- ditions make life very uncertain for many very sound and whol... ... comfort, his insurance against premature or accidental death or temporary economic or physical dis- ablement, some minimum provision for old age and ... ...he organization of employments in any way that will not hamper progress in economic production. And if we can persuade the T rade Unions—and there is ... ...d already almost impregnably in the mind, certain primary distinctions and classifications. Many children are called stupid, and begin their education...

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...out exaggeration, that the measure of the worth of any social institution, economic, domestic, 11 John Dewey political, legal, religious, is its effe... ...ub, is another. Passing beyond these more inti- mate groups, there is in a country like our own a variety of races, religious affiliations, economic d... ...e is in a country like our own a variety of races, religious affiliations, economic divisions. Inside the modern city, in spite of its nominal politic... ...been loaded by all the successes which have preceded. Stimuli conducive to economical and effective response, such as our system of roads and means of... ...line of state institutions and laws. In this spirit, Germany was the first country to undertake a public, universal, and com- pulsory system of educat... ...creator. To paraphrase 120 Democracy & Education the old saying about the country and the town, God made the original human organs and faculties, man... ...ect matter. It includes making distinctions, definitions, divi- sions, and classifications for the mere sake of making them—with no objective in exper...

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...ng portion of this docu- ment: And the Lord showed me [Peter] a very great country out- 14 side of this world, exceeding bright with light, and the a... ...lad in the raiment of shining angels and their raiment was like unto their country; and angels hovered about them there. And the glory of the dwellers... ... To many it makes no ap- peal, although music and art and beauty do. In no country has society so utterly neglected and ignored the emotional side of ... ...aside and the emotions have their way. There are, of course, certain broad classifications of homi- cides. A considerable number, perhaps more than an... ...re to withstand. While most crimes against persons are not directly due to economic causes, still the indirect effect of property is gener- ally prese... ...t be reckoned with in our conclusions with regard to present-day behavior, economic or otherwise. During the last thirty years, psychological laborato... ...e prevented if the state would undertake to improve the general social and economic condition of those who get the least. Only a fraction of the money... ...er delayed and the disaster seems not so hard to bear. In a sense, all the classifications as to the cause of crime are misleading and worthless. Your...

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...t he must make all circumstances indifferent. Every true man is a cause, a country, and an age; requires infinite spaces and numbers and time fully to... ...es you backward to the phraseology of some old mouldered nation in another country, in another world, believe him not. Is the acorn better than the oa... ...cency. But chiefly is this apparent in creeds and churches, which are also classifications of some pow- erful mind acting on the elemental thought of ... ...d the same way? Why should all give dollars? It is very inconvenient to us country folk, and we do not think any good will come of it. We have not dol... ...nate; let him accept and hive every fact of chemistry, natural history and economics; the more he has, the less is he willing to spare any one. Time i... ...ric jar, the prism, and the chemist’s retort; in which we seek now only an economical use. Is not the selfish and even cruel aspect which belongs to o... ...emblems; but we sympathize with the symbols, and being infatuated with the economical uses of things, we do not know that they are thoughts. The poet,...

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...is a wretched, horrid one in the outskirts of the town. My servant is an old country woman, ill natured from stupidity, and, moreover, there is alway... ...er of human advantages from the averages of statistical figures and politico economical formulas. Your advantages are prosperity, wealth, freedom, pea... ... this advantage is remarkable from the very fact that it breaks down all our classifications, and continually shatters every system constructed by lov... ...more incidents or adventures in the world. Then—this is all what you say—new economic relations will be established, all ready made and worked out wit... ...s, so that nothing but bubbles of bliss can be seen on the surface; give him economic prosperity, such that he should have nothing else to do but slee...