...almost spontaneously, in Massachusetts and the other New England colonies. Democracies were the natural growth of the New World. As to Massachusetts, ... ...his money from the wharf to the provincial treasury. Was not this a pretty liberal reward?” “The mothers of the young men who were killed at the siege...

... restrained in all things, while I had that supreme gift for young men and democracies, the gift of copious expression. Parload I diagnosed in my secr... ...bears a pleasant lunch spread out with a simple equipage. Behind me is the liberal sunshine of the green and various garden. I see it all. Again I sit... ... done for these more finely living souls. “You made,” I said, trying to be liberal minded, “a home together.” “ A home!” He looked at me, and, I know ...

...he several classes in the state. The aim which he sets before oligarchs or democracies is not the good life, but simple stability or permanence of the... ... this subject, let us now go into the practical part thereof; the one is a liberal employment for the mind, the other necessary. These things are usef... ...event every op- portunity of exercising two principal virtues, modesty and liberality. Modesty with respect to the female sex, for this virtue require... ...y, which depends upon private property, for without that no one can appear liberal, or do any generous action; for liberality consists in imparting to... ... therefore better have proposed, that they should live both moderately and liberally; for unless these two conspire, luxury will come in on the one ha... ...tune, that he is mild or courageous, but we may say that he is prudent and liberal, which are the only quali- ties connected therewith. It is also abs... ...e not for- merly admitted into any share in the government; till at length democracies were established: it is not therefore proper for any man of hon... ...tes strangers to accept the freedom 85 Aristotle of the city; and in some democracies the son of a free-woman is himself free. The same is also obser... ... these afterwards turned to tyrannies and these in their turn gave rise to democracies; for the power of the ty- rants continually decreasing, on acco...

...t due unto them; and no man envieth the payment of a debt, but re wards and liberality rather. Again, envy is ever joined with the comparing of a man... ...nd draws the eyes of the people, somewhat aside from the line royal. But for democracies, they need it not; and they are commonly more quiet, and less... ...on to the stranger subjects, that they govern. Therefore all states that are liberal of naturalization towards strangers, are fit for empire. For to t... ...the first. And besides, though they have not had that usage, to natu ralize liberally, yet they have that which is next to it; that is, to employ, al... ...or when the Lacedaemonians and Athe nians, made wars to set up or pull down democracies and oligarchies; or when wars were made by foreigners, under ... ...e of the best, and yet is not innocent; for it withholdeth men from works of liberality and charity. The improvement of the ground, is the most natura... ...ath; for, cer tainly, if a man weigh it rightly, he that doth so, is rather liberal of another man’s, than of his own. 81 Of Prophecies I mean not ...

...cial force in the hands of the legislative body is the natural tendency of democracies; for as this is the power which emanates the most directly from... ...ecapitulate the substance of this chapter in a few words: The existence of democracies is threatened by two dangers, 178 Democracy in America viz., t... ...ded he be certain that their actions will never counteract his desires. In democracies, as the majority has every year the right of depriving the offi... ...f the American Democracy as Regards the Salaries of Public Officers In the democracies those who establish high salaries have no chance of profiting b... ...services whatsoever are remunerated, and the most subordi- nate agents are liberally paid. If this kind of government ap- pears to me to be useful and... ... it for their own descendants. The English aristocracy is perhaps the most liberal which ever existed, and no body of men has ever, uninterruptedly, f... ...nity or kindness its law, but it extolled generosity; it set more store on liberal- ity than on benevolence; it allowed men to enrich them- selves by ... ...ons of this age are turbulent, but I do not clearly perceive that they are liberal; and I fear lest, at the close of those perturbations which rock th... ...those by whom they are to be governed; and no one will ever believe that a liberal, wise, and energetic government can spring from the suffrages of a ...

...nary than the husbandman in his mo- tives, while he is certainly much more liberal of his gains. One deals in thousands, the other in tens and twentie... ...ests with a friendly eye, and of associating themselves with its fortunes, liberalizes its mind and wishes, and confers a catholic spirit that the cap... ...There is one great advantage in the monarchical principle, when subdued by liberal institutions, as in the case of the government of that nation from ... ...l election fully equals the ex- penditures of the empire of Great Britain, liberal as they are known to be, for the maintenance of the dignity of its ... ... of his earthly being for consolation and support. The wrongs committed by democracies are of the most cruel character; and though wanting in that app...

...lass of lawyers who, through the idiotic method of voting in use in modern democracies, are able practically to rule Great Britain, and who are powerf... .... Their interaction is being extraordinarily paralleled in the Anglo-Saxon democracies by the interaction of lawyer-poli- tician and Press to-day. If ... ...newspaper with this and that party. For years the Press of all the Western democracies has been drifting slowly away from the tradition—it lasted long... ...hy established the tradition of her diplo- macy. Illiberal at home, it was liberal abroad; Great Britain was the defender of nationality, of constitut... ... freewomen upon the general social atmosphere will be, I venture to think, liberalising and relaxing in certain directions and very brac- ing in other... ... a Slav at any cost, and make the best of Russia; ally myself with all her liberal tendencies, and rise or fall with her. And I should do my utmost in... ...oody rearrangement may lie before this East Central belt of Europe. To the liberal idealist the thought of a possible Swiss sys- tem or group of Swiss... ... exert an enormous influence at the close of the war in the direction of a liberal settlement and of liberal institutions…. They will, I fear, do noth...

...entials of the religious life. Many people, whom one would class as rather liberal Chris- tians of an Arian or Arminian complexion, may find the large... ...ng. The new conceptions do not tolerate either kings or aris- tocracies or democracies. Its implicit command to all its ad- herents is to make plain t... ... them with this renascence, or that will lead to the release of their more liberal adherents. Its probable obligations to Eastern thought are less rea...

...e would call that man just who does not feel pleasure in acting justly, or liberal who does not in liberal actions, and similarly in the case of the o... ...er Moral; pure science, intelligence, and prac- tical wisdom—Intellectual: liberality, and perfected self-mas- tery—Moral: in speaking of a man’s Mora... ...nsible. III. In respect of giving and taking wealth (a): The mean state is Liberality, the excess Prodigality, the de- fect Stinginess: here each of t... ...; a mean state called Munificence (for the munificent man differs from the liberal, the former having necessarily to do with great wealth, the latter ... ... the defect Paltriness (these also differ from the extremes connected with liberality, and the manner of their difference shall also be spoken of late... ...endships and the principle of Justice are inconsiderable in extent, but in Democracies they are most considerable be- cause they who are equal have mu...

...ly comforts adds the improvement of the mind and morals. We have there fore liberally furnished them with the implements of husbandry and household u... ... a pretext for them has been given by the United States, and of the fair and liberal attempt to induce a revoca tion of them, can not be anticipated.... ...o just to invade the rights of others, too proud to surren der our own, too liberal to indulge unworthy prejudices ourselves and too elevated not to ... ...our part with scrupulous regard to all these obligations, and in a spirit of liberality which was never surpassed. How little has been the effect of t... ... it is our duty to cultivate friendly relations and to act with kindness and liberal INAUGURAL ADDRESSES OF THE PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES 41 i... ...d by the changes all around us. Since the turn of the century, the number of democracies in the world has grown four fold. Human freedom is on the ma... ...ion and ideas. And the world’s greatest democracy will lead a whole world of democracies. Our land of new promise will be a nation that meets its obli...

...ard that forms of govern ment differ; there are tyrannies, and there are democracies, and there are aristocracies? Yes, I know. And the government i... ...e physicians and judges, but also those who would pro fess to have had a liberal education? Is it not disgraceful, and a great sign of want of good... ...t the bema and do not suffer a word to be said on the other side; hence in democracies almost everything is managed by the drones. Very true, he said.... ...es fair and loud and persuasive, and draw the cities over to tyrannies and democracies. Very true. Moreover, they are paid for this and receive honour... ...est honour, as might be expected, from tyrants, and the next greatest from democracies; but the higher they ascend our constitution hill, the more th...

...eavour to shew hereafter, is very different upon different occasions; more liberal in a society advancing to opulence, than in one that is standing st... ...n by the different state of those countries. 66 The Wealth of Nations The liberal reward of labour, therefore, as it is the necessary effect, so it i... ...g a great part of the children which their fruitful marriages produce. The liberal reward of labour, by enabling them to provide better for their chil... ..., and Philadelphia, where the wages of common labour are so very high. The liberal reward of labour, therefore, as it is the effect of in- creasing we... ...ders of the society; the stationary is dull; the declining melancholy. The liberal reward of labour, as it encourages the propagation, so it increases... ...cted with all the thoughtless 670 The Wealth of Nations extravagance that democracies are apt to fall into, could be safely trusted with the manageme... ...om those rancourous and virulent factions which are inseparable from small democracies, and which have so fre- quently divided the affections of their...

...thousand—three whole thousand! how much of it can we spend, Aleck? Make it liberal!—do, dear, that’s a good fellow.” Aleck was pleased; so pleased tha... ...rest. He worked his reli gions hard, and changed them with his shirt. The liberal spendings of the Fosters upon their fancies began early in their pr... ...plete [The foregoing review of the great work of G. Ragsdale McClintock is liberally illuminated with sample extracts, but these cannot appease the ap... ...rivilege of all the human race, and it is freely and joyfully exercised in democracies as well as in monarchies—and even, to some extent, among those ...

...re with dimes on the eyes walking, To feed the greed of the belly the brains liberally spooning, Tickets buying, taking, selling, but in to the feast ... ... TO A C OMMON P ROSTITUTE Be composed—be at ease with me—I am Walt Whitman, liberal and lusty as Nature, Not till the sun excludes you do I exclude y... ...nents, seas, Thou that to grapes and weeds and little wild flowers givest so liberally, Shed, shed thyself on mine and me, with but a fleeting ray out... ... and women, and of Self esteem and Personality; Of the true New World—of the Democracies resplendent en masse, Of the conformity of politics, armies, ... ...merica is the continent of glories, and of the triumph of freedom and of the Democracies, and of the fruits of society, and of all that is begun, And ...

...ernational Government” is a very sympathetic contribution from the English liberal left; but the reader must understand that these two writers seem di... ...d have anticipated. For the first time in a King’s Speech we heard of the “democracies” of the world, and there was a clear claim that the Allies at p... ...ate by our own practice how we on our side, professing as we do to act for democracies, to make democracy safe on the earth, and so on, intend to meet... ...rm of palm oil. One of the most powerful levers in the hands of the Allied democracies at the present time in their struggle against the imperial brig... ... policy. It is a thing overdue. No doubt we have al- ready a literature of liberal imperialism and a considerable accumulation of declarations by this... ... but a self-conscious political system working side by side with the other democracies of the earth, preparing the way for, and prepared at last to sa... ...rowned—that we should join with this renascent Germany and with these thus liberalized Powers and with our Allies and with the neutrals in one great L... ...s and that there is a disposition even to sacrifice the in- terests of the liberal allies to dynastic sympathies. These things are not to be believed,... ... “… little Liber-al, or else a little Conservative,” he must at least be a Liberal-Unionist or a Conservative Free- Trader. But seeking a fair represe...

...an the recent debates on Reform of Parliament, that both Conservatives and Liberals (if I may continue to call them what they still call themselves) h... ...h, in virtue of its superior comprehensiveness, might be adopted by either Liberal or Conservative without renouncing any thing which he really feels ... ...e in which there was scarcely a throne in Europe which was not filled by a liberal and reforming king, a lib eral and reforming emperor, or, stranges... ...reforming king, a lib eral and reforming emperor, or, strangest of all, a liberal and reforming pope; the age of Frederic the Great, of Catherine the... ... Ganganelli, of Pombal, of D’Aranda; when the very Bourbons of Naples were liberals and reformers, and all the active minds among the noblesse of Fran... ...st its own errors. Such precautions have ex isted in all well constructed democracies. The Athenian Con stitution had many such provisions, and so h... ...d), have been, in respect to intellec tual endowments, much on a par with democracies; that is, they have manifested such qualities in any considerab... ...ington and Jefferson, were not more completely exceptions in their several democracies, and were assuredly much more splendid exceptions, than the Cha... ...certain evils; but those evils are greatly aggravated by the fact that the democracies which at present exist are not equal, but systematically unequa...

...against revolution. He protests against the attitude of undue hostility to Liberalism which is com- mon among Socialists, and he blunts the edge of th... ...lution- ary ardor and tend to transform Socialists into a left wing of the Liberal Party. But the increasing prosperity of wage-earn- 27 Bertrand Rus... ...ect Disraeli and Bismarck were shrewder judges of human nature than either Liberals or Socialists. It has become increasingly difficult to put trust i... ...1906 and 42 in December, 1910) might be reck- oned almost as a part of the Liberal Party. France, unlike England and Germany, was not content merely t... ...But in actual fact the psychology of the working man in any of the Western democracies is totally unlike that which is assumed in the Communist Manife... ...omething more positive and constructive than this is needed if govern- ing democracies are not to inherit the vices of governing classes in the past. ... ...vils of its own; but Guild Socialism, or even Syndicalism, if it adopted a liberal policy toward those who preferred to work less than the usual numbe...

..., unhampered thought through every department of the national life, a King liberal without laxity and patriotic without pettiness or vul- garity. Such... ... over- values the commonplace virtues of mediocre men. One of the greatest Liberal statesmen in the time of Queen Victoria never held office because h... ...ty. It has a common medium of expression in the English tongue, a unity of liberal and tolerant purpose amidst its enormous variety of localised life ... ...es. Let us consider some of the key words of contemporary thought, such as Liberalism, Individualism, Socialism, in the light of this broad generalisa... ...on as there was rarely extended to active teaching and propaganda. Even in liberal Athens the hemlock was in the last resort at the ser- vice of the a... ... to-day are only in theory and sentiment democratic. In real- ity they are democracies so eviscerated by the disease of bad electoral methods that the...

...ers In the second half of the eighteenth century there were two centres of liberal ideas on the continent of Europe: France and Poland. On an impartia... ... to a certain extent a convenient rallying-point for all manifestations of liberalism. Since that time we have come to be regarded simply as a nuisanc... ...nstitutions. The Pol- ish State offers a singular instance of an extremely liberal administrative federalism which, in its Par- liamentary life as wel... ...e or from an exaggerated sense of its own cleverness. I am speaking now of democracies whose chiefs resemble the tyrant of Syracuse in this, 107 Jose... ...man who advocated a St. Bartholomew’s Night for the suppression of Russian liberalism) was displaying his “divine” (I have read the very word in an En...

...crifice the weaker party or an obnoxious individual. Hence it is that such democracies have ever been spectacles of turbulence and con- tention; have ... ... of the republican, and by citing as specimens of the latter the turbulent democracies of ancient Greece and modern Italy. Under the confusion of name... ...iple, and were accord- ingly those which have best deserved, and have most liberally received, the applauding suffrages of political writers. This exc... ...ngage- ments to immediate necessity? How can it undertake or ex- ecute any liberal or enlarged plans of public good? Let us attend to what would be th... ...dual discharge of the domestic debt, and to furnish, for a certain period, liberal tributes to the federal treasury. A very large proportion of this f... ...refer to a few known facts, in support of what I advance. In the most pure democracies of Greece, many of the ex- ecutive functions were performed, no... ...v- ernment could have succeeded within the narrow limits oc- cupied by the democracies of Greece. In answer to all these arguments, suggested by reaso...