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Cyclopedia of issues in economics analyzed through the prism of the economies of countries in transition, emerging markets, and developing countries.

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...n of the "Principal-Agent Problem". It is defined thus by the Oxford Dictionary of Economics: "The problem of how a person A can motivate person B ... ...erwise - in "optimal contracting theory" - just serves to demonstrate how divorced economics is from human psychology and, thus, from reality. Man... ... Leninism, Stalinism, Maoism - have wrought misery on a scale unprecedented even by medieval standards. Only Fascism and Nazism compare with them un... ...y. A small percentage of the population lived on trade behind the massive walls of Medieval cities. In most parts of central, eastern and southeast... ...ty" (New York, MacMillan, 1958) described this mental shift of paradigm thus: "The medieval citizen was on the way towards becoming an economic man... ...as characterized by tensions between party, state and the economy - exactly as the medieval polity was plagued by conflicts between church, king an... ...s of feudalism. The eleventh and twelfth centuries witnessed a concerted effort by medieval scholars to apply "scientific" principles and human kno... ...reative drugs sometimes alleviate depression. Should this use be permitted? E Economics, Behavioral Aspects of "It is impossible to describe a... ...the stimulus as well as in the end his response is aiming at." Ludwig von Mises Economics - to the great dismay of economists - is merely a bran...

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...about 3000 years later). Arab geographers propagated the story of Atlantis and medieval European authors referred to it as fact. Current oce... ....com/mvm/htm/bc/71721.htm Nightmare The word nightmare is the private name of a medieval female demon that attacked sleeping people. "Mare" mea... ...as been a Jewish symbol for a mere 400 years, though. It appears, for instance, on medieval cathedrals. The symbol in known in India as the Sri... ...e/history.html http://www.readnrun.com/shortest_war.htm http://www.ku.edu/kansas/medieval/108/lectures/hundred_years_war. html Warfare, Biologic... ...lf Love") – An Open Directory Cool Site, – Philosophy ("Philosophical Musings"), – Economics and Geopolitics ("World in Conflict and Transition"). ...

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...death, I kicked the ripeness of dispersing acorns. I stopped in front of Dudley's home – a medieval French chateau – to study yet again its contuma... ...gnant Self Love") – An Open Directory Cool Site, – Philosophy ("Philosophical Musings"), – Economics and Geopolitics ("World in Conflict and Transit...

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Critical analysis of the foundations and tenets of capitalism and of the dismal science - economics.

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...ve – Click HERE! ISBN: 9989-929-37-8 http://samvak.tripod.com/guide.html http://economics.cjb.net http://samvak.tripod.com/after.html Create... ...ml Created by: LIDIJA RANGELOVSKA REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA C O N T E N T S I. Economics - Psychology's Neglected Branch II. The Misconception ... ...c of Economic Trust XIX. Scavenger Economies, Predator Economies XX. Notes on the Economics of Game Theory XXI. Knowledge and Power XXII. Market... ... of the Work Ethic XXX. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) – Pros and Cons XXXI. The Economics of Expectations XXXII. Corruption and Transparency XX... ...n XXXVIII. The Morality of Child Labor XXXIX. Law and Technology XL. The Author Economics - Psychology's Neglected Branch By: Dr. Sam Vaknin ... ...ransfer (ART) financing. It is a hybrid between creative financial engineering and medieval mutual or ad hoc insurance. It often involves "captives...

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...odern philosophy: The philosophy of science and religion, the cognitive sciences, cultural studies, aesthetics, art and literature, the philosophy of economics, the philosophy of psychology, and ethics....

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...n of the "Principal-Agent Problem". It is defined thus by the Oxford Dictionary of Economics: "The problem of how a person A can motivate person B ... ...erwise - in "optimal contracting theory" - just serves to demonstrate how divorced economics is from human psychology and, thus, from reality. Man... ... Leninism, Stalinism, Maoism - have wrought misery on a scale unprecedented even by medieval standards. Only Fascism and Nazism compare with them un... ...y. A small percentage of the population lived on trade behind the massive walls of Medieval cities. In most parts of central, eastern and southeast... ...ty" (New York, MacMillan, 1958) described this mental shift of paradigm thus: "The medieval citizen was on the way towards becoming an economic man... ...as characterized by tensions between party, state and the economy - exactly as the medieval polity was plagued by conflicts between church, king an... ...s of feudalism. The eleventh and twelfth centuries witnessed a concerted effort by medieval scholars to apply "scientific" principles and human kno... ...reative drugs sometimes alleviate depression. Should this use be permitted? E Economics, Behavioral Aspects of "It is impossible to describe a... ...the stimulus as well as in the end his response is aiming at." Ludwig von Mises Economics - to the great dismay of economists - is merely a bran...

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... would you start your crusade?” —“Well, it’s about the three Es—ethics, economics and education. Certainly voluntary population control has come... ...who are aspiring to be upwardly mobile—keeping up with the Joneses.” —“So economics is a major factor in reducing family size?” —“Yes, that and ... ...nd religions were the instigators in many of those wars.” —“What about economics? Do you propose a leveling of wealth?” —“No. I’m definitely ... ...leum product. “It’s a matter of ecological economics. At what level of consumption shall the world’s population liv... ...ivilized as “reactionary.” I would never have expected Ray to duplicate the Medieval approach to religion that the Polish and German popes have been ... ...r of experienced diplomats and bank directors. He wanted all the power of a Medieval religious king. While he was elected democratically, democracy ... ...and hatreds. But if they realize that there are highly probable theories in economics and the social sciences that may make them capable of developi...

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...ality. Rugova's ideals were good and noble - Gandhi-like passive resistance, market economics, constructive (though uncompromising and limited to th... ... the wreath of martyrdom." Mateja Matejic and Dragan Milivojevic, "An Anthology of Medieval Serbian Literature in English", Columbus, Ohio: Slavica... ...y. A small percentage of the population lived on trade behind the massive walls of Medieval cities. In most parts of central, eastern and southeast... ...ty" (New York, MacMillan, 1958) described this mental shift of paradigm thus: "The medieval citizen was on the way towards becoming an economic man... ...as characterized by tensions between party, state and the economy - exactly as the medieval polity was plagued by conflicts between church, king an... ...s of feudalism. The eleventh and twelfth centuries witnessed a concerted effort by medieval scholars to apply "scientific" principles and human kno... ...f Love") - An Open Directory Cool Site, – Philosophy ("Philosophical Musings"), – Economics and Geopolitics ("World in Conflict and Transition"). ... ...ia, in Russia, in Egypt and in the Czech Republic. How the West lost the East. The economics, the politics, the geopolitics, the conspiracies, the ...

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...nship, one searches Mathematics in connection with Psychology, Sociology, Economics, and Literature. 13 This is a foundation study of the NEU... ...erpretation - by using neutrosophic probability and statistics). In economics Keynes chose for the concept of "unstable equilibrium" (<The Gene... ...ry new theory always be exactly the reverse of the old one" [Mark Blaug, <Economics Theory in Retrospective>]. Neohegelians: Reconciliation of cont... ...ption, etc. This is a hybrid field deriving from psychology, philosophy, economics, theology, etc. For example, to find the psychological causes an... ...ical, etc. international or internal war (dispute). G) Econoneutrosophy: Economics of non-profit organizations, groups, such as: churches, philanthr... ...of Mathematics>, Bombay, India, No. 18, 53-55, 1996. [20] Leff, Gordon, "Medieval Thought from St. Augustine to Ockham", Penguin Books, Inc., Balti... ...d (T 2 , I 2 , F 2 ) under others. 98 ----------- ----------- The Medieval paradox, called Buridan’s Ass after Jean Buridan (near 1295-1356),...

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...hen Jiru, chief of the Division of International Strategy of the Institute of World Economics and Politics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, rei... ...on in extra military aid and $9 billion in loan guarantees depends on such "proper economics". Trying to balance fiscal profligacy, David Klein, t... ... abroad with vital skills in administration, agriculture, oil extraction, finance, economics, law, medicine and education are preparing to return. ... ...ures Why America is Hated In an age of terrorism, guerilla and total warfare the medieval doctrine of Just War needs to be re-defined. Moreover, ... ...II. Just War or a Just War? In an age of terrorism, guerilla and total warfare the medieval doctrine of Just War needs to be re-defined. Moreover,... ...hen ethics and expedience conflict with legality - which should prevail? Enter the medieval doctrine of "Just War" (justum bellum, or, more precise... ...lf Love") – An Open Directory Cool Site, – Philosophy ("Philosophical Musings"), – Economics and Geopolitics ("World in Conflict and Transition"). ... ...ia, in Russia, in Egypt and in the Czech Republic. How the West lost the East. The economics, the politics, the geopolitics, the conspiracies, the ...

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...hard) 12. “Job security Provisions and Employment”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, August 1990. 13. Review Essay by Paul Gregg and Alan Manning in... ...t the only explanation for persistent unemployment that the pre- Keynesian economics had to offer was that money wages were "too high" relative to the... ...might be described as "a failure to communicate." (see also Index: labour economics) The failure of the market system to communicate the necessary ... ...e a blessing--a paradoxical conclusion from the standpoint of traditional economics. (see also Index: production) Stabilization theory. The new s... ...r to belong to less proletarian "associations", the modern equivalents of medieval guilds. Its muscle, though, is a response to the perceived threat... ...l wisdom was born. Yet, both ideas are wrong. These are fallacies because economics deals in non- deterministic and open systems. At least nine force...

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...society never gets the knowledge embedded in it. (This is a real danger. The medieval guilds often relied on secrecy to maintain the com- mercial adva... ...g of the human genome? We could turn to the cutting edge of technology or to economics or information theory. But none of those would be as useful a s... ... The great economist Kenneth Arrow formalized this insight about information economics, 58 and it profoundly shapes intellectual prop- erty policy. (T... ...ed because the law was being stretched to cover new types of products, whose economics were very different from those of novels. Rather than let the d... ...s even more basic. They are networks and thus subject to the laws of network economics. In short, they only work well if many people use them. A perso... ... did indeed sound like “we get our Thursdays from a banana.” There is an old economics joke about the impossibility of finding a twenty- dollar bill ly...

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...ty's inevitable downfall and corruption is the modern-day equivalent of the medieval morality play. This trajectory – from rags to riches and fame a... ... Directory Cool Site for 8 years. – Philosophy ("Philosophical Musings"), – Economics and Geopolitics ("World in Conflict and Transition"). Owner of... ...rael (1978). Hundreds of professional articles in all fields of finance and economics, and numerous articles dealing with geopolitical and political...

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...ponsible for themselves and the society? Italy‘s tight society and strong family security run counter to the competitiveness needed in global econom... ...ngs that need to be learned by rote—spelling, writing, the multiplication tables, and so forth. But video games can teach history, geography, econom... ...—―But Lee, those athletes divorced. So sometimes reality eclipses the lunar induced romantic love. But I have to agree that the ballads of the mediev... ...incorporated into our curriculum goals by about age 12. We expose all of our students to art and music, to philosophy and law, to politics and econom... ... countries as Zimbabwe, Congo and Burundi and the former Soviet republic, Moldavia. Russia isn‘t a whole lot better, in spite of its improved econom...

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...of gaming passwords, leading to virtual theft measured in real money. 64 The economics is implacable: viruses are now valuable properties, and that ma... ...it is not driven solely by their status as monopolists. Just as behav- ioral economics shows how individuals can consistently behave irrationally un- ... ... 35 (2006); see also, e.g., Christo- pher S. Yoo, Network Neutrality and the Economics of Congestion, 94 G. L.J. 1847, 1878–79 (2006); Kevin Werbach... ...microsoft.com/xbox/ (last visited June 1, 2007). 104. See Tim Hartford, Xbox Economics, Part 2, , Dec. 21, 2005, http://www.slate .com/id/2132988... ...Richard Thaler, A Be- Notes to Pages 77–82 268 havioral Approach to Law and Economics, 50 S. L. R. 1471 (1998); Daniel Kahne- man & Amos Tversky... ...each other through char- itable contributions. See, e.g., Larry Catá Backer, Medieval Poor Law in Twentieth Cen- tury America: Looking Back T owards a...

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...sal Interface VII. Internet Advertising – What Went Wrong? VIII. The Economics of Spam IX. Don’t Blink – Interview with Jeffrey Harrow X. ... ...where religion reigned (such as in Sumeria, Egypt, the Islamic world, and Medieval Europe). With e-books, content will once more become a collabora... ... be free for everyone. For that matter, it's no more mysterious than the economics of commercial TV, which is identical except that advertisers are... ...at would be the impact of the likes of the DMCA on scholarship and on the economics of publishing? A. The DMCA has several harmful consequences fo... ...the ideal that all things can be had only in limited supply ("supply side economics") to a new ideal that things can be produced such that everyone ... ... next model may be a roaring success - or yet another dismal defeat. The Economics of Spam By: Sam Vaknin Also published by United Press Internati...

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...s goal beyond it.‘ Yes, Con.‖ --―I remember taking a graduate class in economics from Dr. Easterlin at USC. He had been researching happiness rel... ...ack to the 1500s, when there is some evidence that it was invented by the Medieval church which taught that witches worshipped Satan and did a numbe... ...uld probably require that every representative of the people has a PhD in economics, astro-physics, evolutionary biology, philosophy and history. Bu... ...d state.‖ 162 ECONOMIC GROWTH RATE —―Let‘s get back to the economics of societies and how they tax and borrow. The way we measure gro... ...ll obviously continue forever. Few of us concern ourselves with the macro-economics of our globalized world. But look at what we know about Europe an... ...e from the politicians and convince the people of the reality of national economics. You simply don't have the resources to fund the benefits you‘ve ... ..., although Muslims have not always agreed as to when that occurs. Several medieval Muslim authorities mentioned "ensoulment" occurring after 120 day... ...ense to them. The traditional patriarchal power of the Romans survived in Medieval England and allowed a father to kill any child who had not yet ta...

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... Wednesday, April 3, 1907,2.30 p. m., 4 H. H.—College, Art 1, Chemistry 1, Economics 2, Eng- lish 8, French 1, French 2, Frencli 3, French 3 b, Greek ... ...i)oiiitmont of Professor Garrett. Droppors 08 head of the depart- ment, of economics, and of Assist- ant-Professor Clark of the deport- ment of Lotin ... ...Professor Clark of the deport- ment of Lotin and Greek, as in- structor in Economics. No gifts wore announced for publication. The trustees present at... ...re, and critical English composition ap- pear for the first time. Greek 3, Economics 4. and United States History have been expanded. The name of the ... ...Birkhead 's address to tlie Y. M. 0. A. in the evening. Curriculum Changes Economics 4 has been changed from a year course into two semes- ter courses... ...istory need intelligent adaptation to the present. The differences between medieval conditions and present conditions do not invalidate the arsument t...

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...ers was perfect, Dr. Howard Littlefield proved it to them, out of history, economics, and the confessions of reformed radicals. Babbitt had a good dea... ...s you’re just a plug business man, he gets to shooting off his mouth about economics or literature or foreign trade con- ditions, and you just ease in... ..., was finishing a rondeau to show how diverting was life amid the feuds of medieval Florence, but how dull it was in so obvious a place as Zenith. And... ...is toes to sit in with a poet and with Howard, the guy that put the con in economics! But these small-town boobs, with nobody but each other to talk t... ...e stone rotunda, decorated with crown-embroidered velvet chairs and almost medieval tapestries, parrakeets sat on gilded lotos columns. With exclamati... ...se old stiffs of teachers just give you a lot of junk about literature and economics.” One week-end Ted proposed, “Say, Dad, why can’t I trans- fer ov... ...erally understood is that this whole industrial matter isn’t a question of economics. It’s es- sentially and only a matter of Love, and of the practic...

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...ew tree and the north aisle.’ ‘It’s a curious story; it carries us back to medieval times, when faith was a living thing!’ The remark, singular for a ... ...ct her d’Urberville descent was a fact of great di mensions; worthless to economics, it was a most useful ingredient to the dreamer, to the moralizer...

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...preparedness is, as he says, the final test of sincerity. Like Froissart’s medieval hero, who saw that “to rob and pill was a good life,” he is not th... ... haved bravely, admirably, and, in the final analysis, public- spiritedly. Medieval society, on the other hand, behaved very badly indeed in organizin... ...payers are not solid in defence of their position is that since we are not medieval rovers through a sparsely populated country, the poverty of those ... ... The whole force of the most energetic geniuses of the time in philosophy, economics, and art, concentrates it- 35 GB Shaw self on demonstrations and...

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...nker as you will find anywhere. I grant you I know a great deal more about economics and politics than Jesus did, and can do things he could not do. I... ...urning out to be good sense 9 Preface to Androcles and the Lion and sound economics. I say distinctive, because his common humanity and his subjectio... ...e mostly also matters of fashion. We are conscious of a difference between medieval fashions in belief and modern fashions. For instance, though we ar... ...he stamp of superstition. We will believe in nothing less than millions. A medieval doctor gained his patient’s confidence by telling him that his vit... ... on the reader’s attention by facing the question whether, if and when the medieval and Methodist will-to-believe the Salvationist and miraculous side... ...nvolun- tary connection with it, we engage on a purely scientific study of economics, criminology, and biology, and find that our practical conclusion... ... project mooted as the estimation of virtue in money? The London School of Economics is, we must sup- pose, to set examination papers with such questi... ...criticism of religion: one does not offer the fact that a good deal of the medieval building in Peterborough Cathedral was found to be flagrant jerry-...

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...conscious economic motive is the only one of importance; it is rather that economics molds charac- ter and opinion, and is thus the prime source of mu... ...of a different order. He points out (what is true) that Marx’s theoretical economics remain very near to Manchesterism: the orthodox political economy... ...re the methods of over- coming the resistance of men. The ultimate fact in economics is that Nature only yields commodities as the result of labor. Th... ...e great crux of the financial system, and threatens to dominate the future economics and the politics of the great Republic. The financial economy of ... ...o be feared that science would soon cease to be progressive and acquired a medieval respect for authority. But under a freer system, which would enabl... ...Anarchist proposals as the “vagabond’s wage.” It is by its effects outside economics and politics, at least as much as by effects inside them, that a ...

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...ary share of the risk. That has always been the case. We now know that the medieval horror of leprosy was out of all pro- portion to the danger of inf... ...more than he is worth is doomed by sound hygiene as inexorably as by sound economics. 12. Do not try to live for ever. You will not succeed. 13. Use y...

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...ty and ignorance, I assure them earnestly that I know ten times as much of economics and a hundred times as much of practical administration as Marx d... ...hanging the minds of those who read it, in spite of its unsound capitalist economics, its pa- rade of quotations from books which the author had eithe... ...olute music, starting partly from Brahms, and partly from such revivals of medieval music as those of De Lange in Holland and Mr. Arnold Dolmetsch in ...

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...n its future. The most direct road for elementary students into civics and economics is found in consideration of the place and office of industrial o... ...thing, of the practi- 274 Democracy & Education cal and the intellectual. Medieval philosophy continued and reinforced the tradition. To know reality... ... occasion for treating it as an enemy to man’s higher interests. Greek and medieval knowledge accepted the world in its qualitative variety, and regar... ...ses. Every step forward in the social sciences—the studies termed history, economics, poli- tics, sociology—shows that social questions are capable of... ... sciences and the various human disciplines such as his- tory, literature, economics, and politics. Pedagogically, the problem is simpler than the att... ...ivate psychic consciousness is comparatively modern. In both the Greek and medieval periods, the rule was to regard the individual as a chan- nel thro... ...d and the personal self wherever beliefs are transmitted by custom. In the medieval period there was a religious individual- ism. The deepest concern ...

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...lls wholly on the hither side of this line. What falls within the range of economics falls below the proper level of solicitude of the priesthood in i... ...ons to this rule as are afforded, 207 Veblen for instance, by some of the medieval orders of monks (the members of which actually labored to some use...