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...nt which results from a single application of modus ponens). These rules of inference are endorsed by both Stoic logic and modern classical logic…[Y... ...cal systems, as interpreted by modern quantum theory. Quantum theorists use statistical probability in the case for non-structural projection and wo... ...d that frame invariance of c in this theory does not require the Lorentzian inference of length contraction in the moving body S'; so that the assig... ...relative longitudinal length will record a positive test result for the GDT inference, particularly as (v → c). While it can be argued the positive r... ...θ{κ 1 }< 0. This also indicates the electron does not logically require the inference of charge projection in its 1d connection in the same manner a... ...rn quantum theory. This indicates a comparative paradox in MT. An obvious inference is that the basis for quantum wave mechanics, the Bohr-deBrogli... ...ay ―yet, they have roughly comparable scatter percentages. This indicates a statistically improbable correlation: (refractive paradox). Furthermore,...

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...This short technical paper advocates a bootstrapping algorithm from which we can form a statistically reliable opinion based on limited clinically observed data, regarding whether an osteo-hyperplasia could actually be a case of Ewing’s osteosarcoma. The basic premise underlying our methodology is that a primary...

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............28 3. Open and Solved Elementary Questions in Astronomy, by Florentin Smarandache.. 36 BIOLOGY......................................40 4. Statistical Modeling of Primary Ewing Tumors of the Bone, by Sreepurna Malakar, Florentin Smarandache, Sukanto Bhattacharya, in in , Vol. 3, No. JJ05, 81-88, 2005................41 CALCULUS......................................

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...This short technical paper advocates a bootstrapping algorithm from which we can form a statistically reliable opinion based on limited clinically observed data, regarding whether an osteo-hyperplasia could actually be a case of Ewing’s osteosarcoma. The basic premise underlying our methodology is that a primary...

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............28 3. Open and Solved Elementary Questions in Astronomy, by Florentin Smarandache.. 36 BIOLOGY......................................40 4. Statistical Modeling of Primary Ewing Tumors of the Bone, by Sreepurna Malakar, Florentin Smarandache, Sukanto Bhattacharya, in in , Vol. 3, No. JJ05, 81-88, 2005................41 CALCULUS......................................

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... process in intelligent systems; specific language impairment; web-mining inference application; child labor problem; industrial relations: between e... ...a dynamical system and take its equilibrium behavior as a forward-evolved inference. Synchronous FCMs behave as Temporal Associative Memories (TAM).... ...ern of the system for that state vector C. The limit cycle or fixed-point inference summarizes the joint effects of all the interacting fuzzy knowle... ... and perhaps the global equilibrium. The FCM knowledge representation and inference-ing structure reduces to simple vector- matrix operations, favors... ..., favors integrated circuit implementation and allows extension to neural statistical or dynamical systems techniques. Yet an FCM equally encodes the... ...ing patterns of differing lengths. These equilibrium states are model inferences. 25 We give the Java screen depicting the loading of the s... ...cal physics discovered graph theory for its own purposes. In the study of statistical mechanics by Uhlenbeck the points stands for molecules and two ... ...n the context of AIDS epidemic is an unsupervised data having no specific statistical values to represent these concepts; we felt it is appropriate ... ...98) 316-327. 66. Lee, T.D., and C. N. Yang. Many Body Problems in Quantum Statistical Mechanics, Physical Review, 113 (1959) 1165-1177. 67. Lewin, ...

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...tion 5 An Axiom System For Propositions Section 6 Additional Rules of Inference Section 7 Formal Reasoning Section 8 Quantification The... ...Lukasiewicz Three-Valued Logic Section 8 Rules of Inference in Lukasiewicz Three- Valued Logic Secti... ...nectives in a Computer Program Section 5 Rules of Inference in Fuzzy Logic Section 6 Modal Logic with Fuzzy Variables ... ...ction 6 Ordering The Elements of Neutrosophic Logic Section 7 Rules Of Inference in NL1 Section 8 Formal Theories in Neutrosophic Logic Se... ...1 , R 2 , . . . , R n between sets of the wffs in S, called the rules of inference. These rules are used to construct proofs, where the statements ... ...ents occurring by chance is less than 0.05, then the result is said to be statistically significant. If the probability of the events occurring by c... ...y represent some more specialized circumstances. Consider the taking of a statistical sampling such as a public opinion poll where two options are p... ...lorentin, 3-4, 52-54, 138 Smarandache logic (see Neutrosophic logic), 54 Statistically significant, 40 Strong Kleene three-valued logic, 25-27 ...

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...xample, knowledge on the shape parameter β can be utilised to develop improved inference for the other parameters. Thompson(1968 A,B) considered the ... ...s of shrunken estimators in practice. REFERENCES BAIN, L. J. (1972) : Inferences based on Censored Sampling from the Weibull or Extreme-valu... ...lectron Tubes, Technometrics, 1, 389-407. LIEBLEIN, J. and ZELEN, M. (1956) : Statistical Investigation of the Fatigue Life of Deep Groove Ball Bea... ...ll distribution, Technometrics, 9, 629-645. MANN, N. R. (1968 A) : Results on Statistical Estimation and Hypothesis Testing with Application to the ... ...mple, Jour. Indian Statist. Association, 24, 43-52. RAO, C. R. (1973) : Linear Statistical Inference and its Applications, Sankhya, Ser. B, 39, 382-3... ...Indian Statist. Association, 24, 43-52. RAO, C. R. (1973) : Linear Statistical Inference and its Applications, Sankhya, Ser. B, 39, 382-393. SINGH, ... ...) : Some Shrinkage Techniques for Estimating the Mean, The Journal of American Statistical Association, 63, 113-123. THOMPSON, J. R. (1968 B) : Accu... ...e Estimation of the Mean by Shrinkage to an Interval , The Journal of American Statistical Association, 63, 953-963. WEIBULL, W. (1939) : The phenom... ...alabh (1997) and Sud and Srivastava (2000). In presence of measurement errors, inferences may be misleading, see Biemer et al (1991), Fuller (1995) ...

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...tein). But no use and (ab)use of neutrosophy in order to "draw false inferences, or ask spurious questions, or make nonsensical assumptions" (A... ...s by defining the Belief and Plausibility functions and using the rule of inference of Dempster for combining two evidences proceeding from two diffe... ...eory which remains coherent with certain existing theories. The rules of inferences in this general theory should satisfy many important mathematica... ... (alphabet and grammar) and a deductive apparatus (axioms and/or rules of inference). In a formal system the rules of inference are syntactically a... ... criteria): a) The way the connectives, or the operators, or the rules of inferences are defined. b) The definitions of the formal systems of axio... ... Recursivity is seen as a computer program that learns from itself. The statistical regression method may be employed as well to determine a best a...

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... All problems faced while running a industry or a factory cannot be put as a statistical data. Several of them are feelings involving a great deal ... ...retical physics discovered graph theory for its own purposes. In the study of statistical mechanics by Uhlenbeck the points stands for molecules an... ...n in the context of AIDS epidemic is an unsupervised data having no specific statistical values and more so is the opinion of public on these AIDS ... ...ts and Systems, 71, 155-163, 1995. 31. Craiger, J.P. Causal Structure, Model Inferences and Fuzzy Cognitive Maps: Help for the Behavioral Scientist... ...Lee, K.C., H.S. Kim, and S.C. Chu. A Fuzzy Cognitive Map Based Bi-directional Inference Mechanism: An Application to Stock Investment Analysis, Proc... ....S. Kim, N.H. Chang and S.J. Kwon. Fuzzy Cognitive Map Approach to Web-mining Inference Amplification, Expert Systems with Applications, 22, 197- 21... ...27, 1998. 251 87. Lee, T.D., and C. N. Yang. Many Body Problems in Quantum Statistical Mechanics, Physical Review, 113, 1165-1177, 1959. 88. Lew... ...ute of Technology, April 2000. 184. Yuan, Miao and Zhi-Qiang Liu. On Causal Inference in Fuzzy Cognitive Maps, IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems...

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...r the option buyer (insuree) the decision of an insurance purchase may be statistically conceptualized as a decision problem under risk with a pre-as... ...is not all that simple and not always explicable using the known rules of statistical probability theory. 10 Individuals often have very d... ...go a cosmetic surgical procedure). Though one may predict with acceptable statistical reliability what decision an average human being will take giv... .... According to Abbas’ formulation, when faced with the problem of drawing inference on the basis of partial information, one should use that utiltiy... ...ase drawdown scenarios or risks of ruin even when, in reality, the actual statistical expectation of such ultra-negative scenarios are extremely sma... ...the entire investment account in a single trade; is something that may be statistically controlled using fractional money management techniques and... ...arket hypothesis based primarily on the statistical principle of Bayesian inference has been proved to be only a special-case scenario. The generaliz... ...iewpoint of a classical statistical decision theory like that of Bayesian inference for example, failure to obtain a correct representation of the u... ...on Analysis. Proceedings of the 22 nd International Workshop on Bayesian Inference and Maximum Entropy Methods in Science and Engineering, Idaho, U...

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...2.3 Definition of Neutrosophic Logical Connectives: The connectives (rules of inference, or operators), in any non-bivalent logic, can be defined in... ...ce means working and adopting with insufficient knowledge and resources. The inference mechanism (endowed with rules of transformation or rules of ... ...ions. Recursivity is seen as a computer program that learns from itself. The statistical regression method may be employed as well to determine a b... ...cal regression method may be employed as well to determine a best algorithm of inference. Non-monotonic reasoning means to make assumptions about th... ...evious results, a default neutrosophic logic may be used instead of the normal inference rules. The distribution of possible neutrosophic results se... ...2] Dempster A.P.,“A Generalization of Bayesian Inference”, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Serie B, Vol. 30, pp. 205 247, 1968. [13] Dezert ... ... the following reference). [50] Shafer G.,“Savage Revisited (with discussion)”, Statistical Science 1, pp. 463 501, Reprinted in Decision Making, edit... ... the introduction of ever changing technology have made the use of traditional statistical methods questionable. In financial markets one would need... ...frequencies do not approximate a Benford distribution This statistical test will not reveal whether or not a data misrepresentati...

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...ovide incremental information and may have some practical value." These hopeful inferences are supported by the work of other scholars, such as ... ... over-fitting can be a problem, its rules are often difficult to interpret, and the statistical testing is cumbersome - he insists that "trading rul... ...t "trading rules are picking up patterns in the data not accounted for by standard statistical models" and that the excess returns thus generated a... ...ent by the day. It would do well to lose its mathematical pretensions and adopt the statistical methods of its humbler relative. The second fallac... ... to steal, even if they have no use for the booty. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual IV-TR (2000), the bible of psychiatry, klepto... ...ages (and its numerical control and its purified hyper-rational/scientific method: statistical mechanics). The avalanche of video technologies, fil... ...ying to delineate the identity of our forefathers by studying their skulls and, by inference, their brains and their mental potentials. True, they ...

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...posed methodology for market segmentation research, contains a heavy complement of statistical details. It may be perused lightly by the reader not... ... Figure 1.1). In Figure 1.1 the downward paths represent inductive discovery or inference of principles based on observed facts. The upward paths... ...rocess. Marketing researchers have a procedure called multidimensional scaling for statistically exploring virtually any number of attributes. This... ...ctured and indirect in that it included specific items while purporting to uncover inferences, motivations and subconscious feelings. As a basis ...

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...e based on quantitative analysis performed on the questionnaire data, and inferences were drawn from telephone and face-to-face interviews complement... ...l situation of the logistics sub-providers in the region, and only direct statistical analysis was possible. Results: SME Logistics Services in the...

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...as a dynamical system and take its equilibrium behavior as a forward-evolved inference. Synchronous FCMs behave as Temporal Associative Memories (T... ...pattern of the system for that state vector C. The limit cycle or fixed-point inference summarizes the joint effects of all the interacting fuzzy k... ...ns, favours integrated circuit implementation and allows extension to neural statistical or dynamical system techniques. Yet an FCM equally encodes... ...t Publications, New Delhi (2004). 14. Craiger, J.P., Causal Structure, Model Inferences and Fuzzy Cognitive Maps: Help for the Behavioral Scientis...

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...elements of the fuzzy relation representing the fuzzy relational system. Fuzzy inference systems are extensions of crisp point-to- point into set-to... ... 64 of the output space [43]. One of the widely used ways of constructing fuzzy inference systems is the method of approximate reasoning which can b... ...ximate reasoning which can be implemented on the basis of compositional rule of inference. Different criteria have been proposed for the approximate... ...isfy relevant conditions. The most useful is that of the perfect recall. Fuzzy inference systems that satisfy the perfect recall criterion can be i... ...ed for more general research [3, 31-33, 37] lead to the representation of fuzzy inference systems on the basis of generalized sup-t-norm FREs [17, 9... ...system increase enormously with its complexity. The vogue for, and success of, statistical methods are evidence of one way of doing this. Here we a...

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...elements of the fuzzy relation representing the fuzzy relational system. Fuzzy inference systems are extensions of crisp point-to- point into set-to... ... 64 of the output space [43]. One of the widely used ways of constructing fuzzy inference systems is the method of approximate reasoning which can b... ...ximate reasoning which can be implemented on the basis of compositional rule of inference. Different criteria have been proposed for the approximate... ...isfy relevant conditions. The most useful is that of the perfect recall. Fuzzy inference systems that satisfy the perfect recall criterion can be i... ...ed for more general research [3, 31-33, 37] lead to the representation of fuzzy inference systems on the basis of generalized sup-t-norm FREs [17, 9... ...system increase enormously with its complexity. The vogue for, and success of, statistical methods are evidence of one way of doing this. Here we a...

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...provide incremental information and may have some practical value." These hopeful inferences are supported by the work of other scholars, such as ... ... over-fitting can be a problem, its rules are often difficult to interpret, and the statistical testing is cumbersome - he insists that "trading rul... ...t "trading rules are picking up patterns in the data not accounted for by standard statistical models" and that the excess returns thus generated a... ...e analyse only the + and - signs of the price changes Fama and Macbeth proved the statistical character of sign clusters. 26. Others say that pr... ...use D P + 15. Cluster analysis (Fama - Macbeth) + and - distributed randomly. No statistical significance. 16. Filter models - share prices will ...

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...rst appeared as a mental health diagnosis in the DSM- III-TR (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual) in 1980. Diagnostic Criteria The ICD-10, the Internat... ...c Association, based in Washington D.C., USA, publishes the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition, Text Revision (D... ...hered from open sources, formal and informal, by deduction, induction and inference, through contextual surmises, historical puzzle-work and indir...

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...iscovered graph theory for its own purposes more than once. In the study of statistical mechanics by Uhlenbeck the points stand for molecules and tw... ...., Chang, N.H., and Kwon, S.J., Fuzzy Cognitive Map Approach to Web-mining Inference Amplification, Expert Systems with Applications, 22 (2002) 197... ...te of Technology, April 2000. 73. Yuan, Miao and Zhi-Qiang Liu. On Causal Inference in Fuzzy Cognitive Maps, IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems, ...

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... of the total - a whopping 15,000 in all. Books - from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, through David Irving's controversial work, down to my ... ...8!) to third party content on the Web. The GeoAnalyzer (compares national statistical data and generates charts and graphs) is now Web-based and gre... ...party content and articles on the Web. The GeoAnalyzer (compares national statistical data and generates charts and graphs) is now Web-based and gre... ... Joe: Assessing the impact of IT on productivity solely on the basis of statistical models that focus on the aggregate of numerical indicators rem... ...ggregate economic productivity of the company, they do not show up on the statistical charts. To have a greater impact on these macroeconomic sta... ...xing) to languages such as the DARPA Agent Markup Language, OIL (Ontology Inference Layer or Ontology Interchange Language), or even XML (whose tags... ...elineate the identity of our forefathers by studying their skulls and, by inference, their brains and their mental potentials. True, they invest effo... ...ing) to languages such as the DARPA Agent Markup Language, OIL (Ontology Inference Layer or Ontology Interchange Language), or even XML (whose tags...