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...nknown Together The DOD, NASA, and Early Spaceflight MARK ERICKSON Lieutenan... ... Mark, 1962- Into the unknown together : the DOD, NASA and early spaceflight / Mark Erick- son. p. ; cm. Includ... ... from the moon in July 1969, the United States sponsored five human-spaceflight programs. The National Aeronautics and Space Administrat... ...ines the NASA-DOD relationship, with a special focus on these human-spaceflight projects, and the larger context in which this relations... ...r orbital operations but presented by the Air Force as intended for suborbital R&D into hypersonic flight— equal to or exceeding five ti... ...wer administration, it was politically advisable to present it as a suborbital vehicle so it would not become mixed up in the complicate... ...vanced Technology explained how the SAF disseminated guidance that “suborbital aspects of Dy- nasoar be emphasized. . . . It is recommen... ...a safeguard, the Air Force continued for some time to emphasize the suborbital rather than the orbital characteristics of Dyna-Soar whil... ...59, DDR&E York stated that the primary goal for Dy- nasoar would be suborbital exploration of hypersonic flight 170Cha...

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...he Supersonic-Hypersonic Frontier 223PART IV: Human Spaceflight and Life SciencesChapter 11 // John M. LogsdonFifty Years of Hu... ...eflight and Life SciencesChapter 11 // John M. LogsdonFifty Years of Human Spaceflight: Why Is There Still a Controversy? 275Chapter 1... ... J. NeufeldThe “Von Braun Paradigm” and NASA’s Long-Term Planning forHuman Spaceflight 325Chapter 14 // Maura... ... 325Chapter 14 // Maura Phillips MackowskiLife Sciences and Human Spaceflight 349 vi... ... aeronautics, rocket technology, launch facilities,space science, or human spaceflight. Fifty years after the founding of NASA, from 28 to 29 Octobe... ...he arguedfor using a Redstone to lob a fairly primitive capsule on a brief suborbitalflight. Called “Man Very High” and then “Project Adam” (for “firs... ...isputable benefits ofmultiple synergistic observations, including orbital, suborbital,and in situ measurements, linked with the best models available.... ..., but it was taken by Ralph Morse forLIFE magazine prior to Alan Shepard’s suborbital flight in May 1961. NASA Image 84PC-0022 ...

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...ssel, Department of Occupational Therapy, Providence Health CareChapter 8. Spaceflight and Cross-Cultural Psychology 177 ... ...rthright about medical and biolog- ical insights gained from previous spaceflights . . . the agency has been hesitant on studying or releasi... ... has failed to capitalize on the data it collected that could improve spaceflight and living for others to follow.12 In the early 1990s, o... ...chology within NASA. Joseph V. Brady, whose research onprimate behavior in spaceflight dates back to the 1950s, states that following JohnGlenn’s flig... ...rs.5 They flew in special couches within Mercury capsules;Ham’s flight was suborbital, but Enos completed four orbits. Although accelerationand decele... ...lion Ansari XPrize by successfully flying a privately developed and funded suborbital rocket shipcapable of reaching space. The British company Virgin... ... now planningto fly commercial passengers to the edge of space in a larger suborbital spaceshipbeing developed by the X Prize–winning Scaled Composite... ... theAerospace Psychology Laboratory at Claremont McKenna College.remaining suborbital, and flying from Los Angeles to Tokyo in 40 minutes or LosAngele... ... 215Psychology of Space Explorationrockets for both orbital and suborbital flights. The CMC Aerospace PsychologyLaboratory has conducted re...

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...ar 1 2 Preparation for Piloted Flights 15 3 The First Piloted Spaceflight: “We’re Off” 55 4 The Cuban Missile Crisis . . . and M... ...ms to explore space, it also prompts us toreconsider the entire history of spaceflight, both Russian and American. Chertok’s narrative underlines how... ...”2 Such an achievement woulddemonstrate American supremacy in the arena of spaceflight at a time whenboth American and Soviet politicians believed tha... ...s, also gave scholars a candid lookat the vicissitudes of the Soviet human spaceflight program.17 The flood of works in Russian allowed Westerners to... ... occurred and thespacecraft failed to go into orbit. Instead it executed a suborbital flight with amaximum altitude of 214 kilometers. According to t... ...first Sputnik on 4 October 1957. Astronaut Alan B. Shepard, Jr. completeda suborbital flight in a Mercury capsule on 5 May 1961, after eight testlaunc... ... in such a hurry with the Vostok. Alan B. Shepard, Jr. executed the first suborbital flight on 5 May 1961.Despite Gagarin’s worldwide triumph, U.S. t... ...c. The flightlasted just 15 minutes 22 seconds. This was the world’s first suborbital pilotedflight and the first manual control of a spacecraft. The ... ...rom Cape Canaveral, Florida. The second U.S. piloted spaceflight was also suborbital. Liftofftook place on 21 July 1961 after being delayed three tim...

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...ms to explore space, it also prompts us to reconsider the entirehistory of spaceflight, both Russian and American. Chertok’s narrative underlines ho... ...”2 Such an achievement woulddemonstrate American supremacy in the arena of spaceflight at a time whenboth American and Soviet politicians believed tha... ...s, also gave scholars a candid look at the vicissitudes of the Soviethuman spaceflight program.17 The flood of works in Russian allowed Westerners t... ...58 (Munich: R. Oldenbourg, 2000); Asif A. Siddiqi,“The Rockets’ Red Glare: Spaceflight and the Russian Imagination, 1857–1957” (Ph.D. diss.,Carnegie M... ..., “A Secret Uncovered: The SovietDecision to Land Cosmonauts on the Moon,” Spaceflight 46 (2004): 205–213. ... ...ch on 25 August 1966 of an Apollo Command andService Module (CSM-011) on a suborbital flight. 135Rocket...

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...ms to explorespace, it also prompts us to reconsider the entire history of spaceflight, both Russianand American. Chertok’s narrative underlines how, ... ...institutional or technical details in his writings. What the statearena of spaceflight at a time when both American and Soviet politicians believed ... ...anium procurement for the A-bomb project.23 In many cases,the Soviet human spaceflight program.17 memoirs ... ...n bureau archives. As therate a complete history of the early Soviet human spaceflight program.19 Steven Soviet Union began to... ...IPK, 2001), p. 69. Glare: Spaceflight and the Russian Imagination, 1857-1957, Ph.D. dissertation, Car... ...ries 9. Dogs were killed during flight or on landing on 4 (out of the 29) suborbital launches carried out production at the Dnepropetrovsk ... ... Indexdogs (on suborbital flights), 244 Experimental Cruise Missile, see EKR ...

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...finally published in 903, it laid the frame- work for orbital spaceflight using rockets based on years of his c... ...himpanzee “Ham” flying in a capsule on 3 January 96 , followed by AlanShepard’s suborbital flight on 5 May 96 . Then on 20 February 962, John Glen... ...dpropulsion. 20 Hauling the pieces and parts of the space station will require 45 spaceflights on five types of launch vehicles over a five-year perio... ...arch Panel,” 8. 78. H. J. P. Arnold, ed., Man in Space: An Illustrated History of Spaceflight (New York: CLB SmithmarkPublishing, 993), 44–46. 79. Ib... ...OD, this accentuation on practicality translated into reduced em-phasis on manned spaceflight but led to the initial operating capability for many oft... ...ram was devel- oped for the Air Force’s Orbital/Suborbital Pro- gram (OSP) as a lo... ...dware (MACH), already used on many of Orbital’s suborbital launch vehicles, further ... ...ment funds, fund research forthe ongoing Scorpius-Sprite program.60 Scorpius, the suborbital research vehicle, has already flown and will be scaled up... ... interceptorsare launched on a booster from the ground or from an aircraft into a suborbital trajec-tory that is designed to intersect that of an LEO ...

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...the original seven Mercury astronauts. He spent over five hours in space on two spaceflights. In 1961, Grissom flew aboard Mercury 4. He became th... ...In 1961, Grissom flew aboard Mercury 4. He became the second American to make a suborbital flight into space during this 16- minute flight. In... ... the original seven Mercury astronauts. He spent over 216 hours in space on one spaceflight. In 1975 Slayton flew aboard the Apollo-Soyuz Test...

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...ace throughits support of NASA and its attempts to acquire a military manned spaceflightmission and approval for development of space-based weapons . ... ...an traditional aviation.Although future Air Force leaders would lay claim to spaceflight as a logical exten-sion ofAir Force operations in the atmosph... ...gal force balanced the earth'sgravitational field ." The challenge of manned spaceflight had captivated the imaginations of dream-ers for centuries. Y... ...the pioneers of liquid-propellantrocket research linked to visions of manned spaceflight, three men-RussianKonstantin Tsiolkovsky, German-Romanian Her... ...ary forcesin the Second World War, they all remained committed to visions of spaceflightv The earliest of the space triumvirate, mathematics teacher K... ... pursued both methods of spaceflight, initialinterest centered on the winged suborbital vehicle later known as Dyna-Soar (fromdynamic soaring). Dyna-... ...vehicle, which the Air Force had protected from ARPA's grasp bystressing its suborbital, aeronautics phase of development. Although Dyna-Soar hadrecei... ... the Defense Department in December authorized the AirForce to eliminate the suborbital phase and proceed with an accelerated orbital flightprogram us...

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...cquisition (SAF/AQSL), Pentagon, interviewed by author during visit to Marshall SpaceFlight Center, Huntsville, Ala., 11 December 1995. 6. Integrated ... ...Winging It to Orbit,” Ad Astra 7, no. 2 (March/April 1995): 40–43; “Space Lift: Suborbital, Earth toOrbit, and on Orbit,” Airpower Journal 9, no. 2 (S... ...ebruary 1996. The importance of this issue was echoed by Dennis Smith, Marshall SpaceFlight Center, RLV program assistant for technology, telephone in... ...ived from the space shuttle main engine or the Russian RD-0120. 12. “Spacelift, Suborbital, Earth to Orbit, and on Orbit,” 42–64. 13. To be fair to th... ...operations base at the pickup and delivery points. Experience with thesubscale, suborbital McDonnell Douglas Aerospace DC-X can only hint atwhat an op... ...–33 months from call-up to launch. 2. Joel W. Powell, “Space Station Hardware,” Spaceflight 38, no. 2 (February 1996): 54–56. 3. Rick Bachtel, RLV pro... ...Journal 9, no. 3 (Fall 1995): 16–29.Powell, Joel W. “Space Station Hardware.” Spaceflight 38, no. 2 (February 1996): 54–56.Smith, Bruce A. “Rockwe... ...ation Week & Space Technology 144, no. 13 (25 March 1996): 56–57.“Space Lift: Suborbital, Earth to Orbit, and on Orbit.” Airpower Journal 9, no. 2 ...

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...n St. Louis, Missouri, where he researchedand designed aircraft, missiles, spaceflight vehicles, and novelalternative-energy wind and water current tu... ...ines. Duringthe Gemini manned orbiter program, he was appointed to theNASA Spaceflight Committee as a member of the Trajectoryand Orbits, Guidance and... ... 119COMPUTER PROGRAMMING We now turn to the exciting field of manned spaceflight. Itwas a high-priority program filled with new and challengingp... ...ed the aerospace community as it attempted to ex-ploit this new horizon of spaceflight. The ability to send artificialsatellites whirling around the e... ...Freedom 7 with astronaut Alan B. Shepard on board hadperformed a 250-mile, suborbital ballistic flight launched on aRedstone booster on 5 May 1961, wh... ...s time, the Mercury program continued with astro-naut Gus Grissom making a suborbital flight on 21 July 1961in a spacecraft he called Liberty Bell 7. ... ... flight lifted the spirits of all Americans distressed bythe large Russian spaceflight lead from twice orbiting cosmo-nauts in their 10,000-pound Vost...

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...HEAVENother functions, such as orbit transfer, recovery, and deorbit,or even suborbital missions. It may be worth calling this thetransport segment as... ...ility down, According to W. PaulBlase, “The First Reusable SSTO Spacecraft,” Spaceflight, March 1993, 91,as you approach the limits of performance, ev... ...B: Air University, June 1994), specifically the section entitled, “Spacelift:Suborbital, Earth to Orbit, and On-Orbit.” 50. For this assertion to be t... ...nous, sun-synchronous, and Molniya orbits are exam -ples. William E. Wiesel, Spaceflight Dynamics (New York: McGraw Hill,1989), chap. 3 and 66–67. Ove... ...nnais -sance. In SPACECAST 2020 Final Report, vol. 1, the chapter “Spacelift:Suborbital, Earth to Orbit, and On Orbit” discusses how this could be don... ...echt, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1991.Wiesel, William E. Spaceflight Dynamics. New York: McGraw Hill, 1989.ArticlesBerkowitz, Br... ...iew, April 1995, 24–31.Blase, W. Paul. “The First Reusable SSTO Spacecraft.” Spaceflight, March 1993, 90–94.Buenneke, Richard H., Jr. “The Army and ... ...physically possi-ble to conduct affordable routine operations in the Mach 18(suborbital) to Mach 25 (orbital) regime with existing propul-sion, materi... ... authors propose a 200-foot-tall intercontinentalpassenger/cargo carrier for suborbital missions which couldhaul 1,200 passengers 7,500 miles in sligh...

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...ltra DeepField | Mars Exploration Rovers| The first privately funded human spaceflight | Facebookis launched | World's first 1 gigabyte SD card | Lond... ...flight of NASA's Orion spacecraft | VirginGalactic begins offering private suborbital spaceflights | The first test launch of the FalconHeavy | The MA... ...ASA's Orion spacecraft | VirginGalactic begins offering private suborbital spaceflights | The first test launch of the FalconHeavy | The MAVEN probe a...

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... and a formal defi-nition is probably not forthcoming. From the genesis of spaceflight, neither the United States nor the Soviet Union wishedto define... ...ese missions, and they are funded by the government.Examples include human spaceflight missions conductedunder the Apollo, Skylab, and International S... ...rests.Civil Space Sector The civil space sector does much more than manned spaceflight and space exploration for scientific curiosity. It is a driv-in... ...e A. “Listening from Above: The First Signals In- telligence Satellite.” Spaceflight, August 1999, 338–46.DeBlois, Lt Col Bruce M. “Space Sanctuary:... ...http:// www.spacedaily.com/spacecast/news/milspace-99c.html.“Space Lift: Suborbital, Earth to Orbit, and on Orbit.” SPACE- CAST 2020 White Paper. ...

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...il, headed by Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson, recommended a NASA program to begin with suborbital and earth-orbital Mercury flights, followed by Gem... ...urther testing.0 Although the major focus of attention in the early 1960s was on manned spaceflights, the major Department of Defense applications in...