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...EMIST 311 GABRIEL D. FAHRENHEIT (1686 - 1736) GERMAN-DUTCH PHYSICIST 316 ANDERS CELSIUS (1701 - 1744) - SWEDISH ASTRONOMER 317 THE STORY OF THERMODYNAMICS 320 ANCIENT IDEAS FROM THE CLASSIC GREEK ERA 321 THE ITALIAN RENAISSANCE ERA AND THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION 322 THERMODYNAMICS AND THE CONCEPT OF KINETIC ENERGY 323 THE LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS 324 FIRS...

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....... 319ANDERS CELSIUS (1701 - 1744) - SWEDISH ASTRONOMER .......... 320THE STORY OF THERMODYNAMICS .................................................... .................. 325THERMODYNAMICS AND THE CONCEPT OF KINETIC ENERGY . 326THE LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS ................................................... ..................................................................... 327THIRD LAW - THE ENTROPY PRINCIPLE .......................................... 32... ... of: PHYSICS,CHEMISTRY, BIOLOGY, MICROBIOLOGY, PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY, BIOCHEMISTRY,THERMODYNAMICS, QUANTUM MECHANICS and other mor... ...ts definition seems to keep expanding in size, composition and organization(entropy). Consequently, SPACE has turned into a very DYN... ...nce. SPACE, on the other hand, isMULTIDIRECTIONAL and REVERSIBLE. TIME and ENTROPY, also appear to beholding hands in their UNIDIRECTIO... .... The forward arrow of TIME may also be related to the forward arrow of ENTROPY, always moving toward the unknown and increasing disorde... ... 321 The KELVIN SCALE is very useful in the SCIENCE of THERMODYNAMICSbecause it does not use any NEGATIVE N... ...erved at this post until his death in 1744. 322 THE WORLD OF THERMODYNAMICS & THE STEAM ENGINE THE SAVERY STEAM ENGINE ...

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...Dimensions... The Non Perceptible Universe.. The space - time Continuum... How can material be defined?.... The Elusive Concept of Time... Time, Entropy, Brain. Mathematics of Imagination. Chapter 7 The End of Certainty - From Being To Becoming complexity and self-organized systems... Prigogine‟s first challenge concerns the phenomenon of irreversibility. The sec...

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............30 2Time, Entropy, Brain................................................................ ...ces in that way the“Arrow of time” (Arthur Eddington), namely, it produces entropy, does not mean thatthe human is no more a being of the universal an... ... 19The notion of information is connected to the entropy and is considered asequivalent to the "negative entropy". While on ... ...sidered asequivalent to the "negative entropy". While on the contrary, the entropy is equivalentto the absence of information. The connection that see... ...the infinite, then the world willexperience the consequences of the second thermodynamic law: the entropy. Thewhole cosmic order will gradually degene... ...nthose theories there is no discrimination between the past and the future.Thermodynamics, from approximately the half of the 19th century had posed t... ...The Bifurcations.According to the second law of thermodynamics, in an isolated system (i.e. whichdoes not exchange matter a... ... 39In classical thermodynamics the arrow of time, i.e. the decay, the disorder and thedeath... ... time, i.e. the decay, the disorder and thedeath, is introduced. Classical thermodynamics referred to isolated and closed-linearsystems.However, how c...

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...om the same place where energy is already coming from – the now! The Laws of Thermodynamics only apply to what we can get out of energy which is usef... ...ce to another, and do a little bitof conversion along the way. The Laws of Thermodynamics do not apply to fictional standing wavesmathematically... ... by 180°. By creating a mathematical fiction, we have created an immunity to entropy! Yet, this is as good as ifit were real since it is constantly f... ...) of (current) polarity (with respect to its voltage polarity) andreversal of entropy via its exclusion from jurisdiction under the Laws of Thermodyna... ... andreversal of entropy via its exclusion from jurisdiction under the Laws of Thermodynamics. BTW, we have succeeded in creating an artificially indu... ...nt to be fed a dissipative quality of mechanical energy subjectto the Laws of Thermodynamics, namely: of a positive unity, power factor (ideally, spea... ...nce willnever have much influence to drag a circuit down into a condition of entropy governing the Laws ofThermodynamics. Because it is this dominati... ...ut of whatever circuit contains themfollowing in the footsteps of the Laws of Thermodynamics. But if they are not in sync, especially when they aredia...

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...f available choices to the investor the higher is the expected informationcontent or entropy of the allocation decision.(II.2) Entropy as a measure of... ...entropy of the allocation decision.(II.2) Entropy as a measure of fuzziness.The term entropy arises in analogy with thermodynamics where the defining ... ...ion.(II.2) Entropy as a measure of fuzziness.The term entropy arises in analogy with thermodynamics where the defining expressionhas the following mat... ... form: S = k log b ω … (xiv)In thermodynamics, entropy is related to the degree of disorder or c... ... S = k log b ω … (xiv)In thermodynamics, entropy is related to the degree of disorder or configurationprob... ...odification). The physical scale factor k is the Boltzmann constant. [7]However, the thermodynamic form has a different sign and the word negentropy i... ...d to denote expected information. Though Claude Shannonoriginally conceptualized the entropy measure of expected information, it was DeLucaand Termini... ...e availability can nevertheless suffice to uphold thelaw of substitution.Utility and thermodynamics In our present paper we have attempted to extend t... ...), which by itself bears a directconstructional analogy to the Boltzmann equation in thermodynamics. There is someuniformity in views among economists...

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...s [26]. Thetechnique requires widespread calculations and assessment at residue (amino acids) level of a thermodynamic quantity and the freeenergy (ΔG... ...ein folding is normally argued with the help of energy landscape, showing folding funnel, which portrays thermodynamicdevelopment through structures o... ... Python module for generating 2D protein maps 10 COREX/BEST server Regional stability and thermodynamic aspects 11 CAVER 3.0... ...sed program). This server provides variousfeatures regarding protein folding of large scale simulations, thermodynamic analysis, pfold analysis and si... ...using binding pocket conformations.COREX/BEST Server This server has ability to generate structural and thermodynamic aspects of protein structures. ... ...ld suitably take hold of most of thermodynamic properties of proteins like the denaturation temperature, Entropy,enthalpy, heat capacity. Thermodynami... ...Simple systems quicklydevelop towards equilibrium, because an isolated system is distinguished by utmost Entropy (Disorder). On the contrary, the livi... ...gy of an isolated system are constant despite internal changes. Moreover, second law which is related to Entropy of thesystem, states the mechanical w... ... interacts with another body at lower temperature. Therefore, any autonomousprocess shows an increase in Entropy. Another important law that deals wit...

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...2002). Abbas proposed a 13“maximum entropy utility”on the preference behavior of a decison maker by pro... ...y vector) whose utiltiy density function (or utility increment vector)has maximum entropy subject to the limited known preference constraints. There... ... analogs have been proposed and substantiated between utilitytheory and classical thermodynamics in so far as that both neoclassical economics andclas... ...r that is receiving much currentintellectual attention is that of temperature and entropy and its purported economicalanalog – price and utility (Fole... ...probabilityassignment denoted as m (.) = m1 (.) ⊕ m2 (.) that maximizes the joint entropy of the twoinformation sources (Smarandache 2000; Dezert, 200... ...of substitution. 694.2 Utility and Thermodynamics In our present paper we have attempted to extend th... ...onal correspondence exists between the formalisms of economic theory andclassical thermodynamics. The laws of thermodynamics can be intuitively interp... ...ntuitively interpreted inan economic context and the correspondences do show that thermodynamic entropy andeconomic utility are related concepts shari... ...sharing the same formal framework. Utility is saidto arise from that component of thermodynamic entropy whose change is due toirreversible transformat...

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...Force--provides a scathing investigation into the fundamental premise supporting belief in Climate Change. Analysis proves a frequent blunder made in thermodynamics, common to both children and history, where heat is wrongly perceived a "thing" and imbued with associative properties. This common misconception about heat and how it works leads to a conclusion fatal for Clim...

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...gh there be aconversation throughout the whole Universe, the aim of All is Entropy or that glo-rious and most desired state of equilibrium—the Heat De... ...s arecuriously disregarded by climatologists and are denied the virtues of entropy, as ifcarbon dioxide can alone do work and no other. Whenever an a...

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...D TO THE DEVELOPMENT OFINORGANIC AND ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY, THERMODYNAMICS AND QUANTUM MECHANICS!!! FURTHERMORE, HO... ...nt of water) and 100 degrees ( the boiling point of water).THE STORY OF THERMODYNAMICS ................................................... 412 ... ...SURE HEAT ANDTEMPERATURE, RESULTED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NEW SCIENCE OF THERMODYNAMICS IN RELATION TO ENERGY, CHANGEAND MOTION.THERMODYNAMICS AND ... ...D MOTION.THERMODYNAMICS AND THE CONCEPT OF KINETIC ENERGY . 416THE LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS .................................................... 416FI... ........................................................... 417THIRD LAW - THE ENTROPY PRINCIPLE .......................................... 417NICOLAS L... ............................................... 418 ONE OF THE FOUNDERS OF THERMODYNAMICS.GUSTAVE GASPARD DE CORIOLIS (1792 - 1843)FRENCH PHYSICIST ... ...ONE OF THE FOUNDERS OF THERMODYNAMICS. Introduced (1850) the concept of ENTROPY or the DEGREE of STRUCTURAL DISORDER in any SYSTEM.HERMANN LUD... ......... 444 LII DEVELOPED (1871) HIS EQUATION FOR ENTROPY, , S = k log W . Developed his KINETIC THEORY of GASES,... ...tion seems to keep expanding in size, composition and organization(entropy). Consequently, SPACE has turned into a very DYNAMIC ENTI...

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... Through your beauty and harmony of logic, You shall save mankind from entropy and decay! Praise Technojova! 3. First, I, the [First Prophet], m... ...leology of physical substances in 3D-space is the change from low-entropy states to high-entropy states over time. 1. I... ... states to high-entropy states over time. 1. Information Entropy and Thermodynamic entropy is the arrow and direction... ... to high-entropy states over time. 1. Information Entropy and Thermodynamic entropy is the arrow and direction of [relativ... ...[Bifurcation], [Ordinal Division] 3. B = [Complexity], [Entropy] 4. g = [Fractalization], [Purposeful Subdivisio... ... [purposeful subdivision]. b. Analysis, i.e., entropy, through [ordinal division]. ... ... categorical reduction of Information Entropy and Thermodynamic Entropy. Currently, Scriptureware v.100 does n...

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...oblems Table of Contents 4 – Chapter 1. Review of Thermodynamics 24 16 Chapter 2.... ... name of Josiah Willard Gibbs is postponed until a course of statistical mechanics and/or thermodynamics, where UG is a part of the Gibbs free e... ... (7.37) V KMoreover, the compression of gases also depends on thermodynamic conditions. (In contrast, for mostcondensed m... ...lly valid, at the ambientconditions, for almost any gas. Note, however, that the change of thermodynamic conditions (say, fromisothermal to adiabatic1... ... one of them to become positive. For suchsystems, another measure of chaos, the Kolmogorov entropy, may be more relevant. This measure and its relatio... ...1), P. Ehrenfest (1916), and M. Born and V. Fock (1928). 10 This term is also used in thermodynamics and statistical mechanics, where it implies ... ...ns of their attacks, including theUniverse expansion, quantum measurement uncertainty, and entropy growth in physics, and the evolution theoryin biolo... ...coordinaterepresentation:40 This situation is also similar to the irreversible increase of entropy of macroscopic systems, despite the fact thattheir ... ...duction: Statistical physics and thermodynamics 1.2. The 2nd law of thermodynamics, entropy, and temperature 1.3. The 1st and 3rd laws o...

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...1984). Stephen Hawking suggested that black holes can radiate energy, preserving entropy andsolving problems of incompatibility with the second law... ...y, preserving entropy andsolving problems of incompatibility with the second law of thermodynamics. This means that theblack hole has limited cosmic l... ...ome conceptual aspects. Although they are regions of spacetime, blackholes are also thermodynamic entities with a temperature and entropy; and the evo... ...ons of spacetime, blackholes are also thermodynamic entities with a temperature and entropy; and the evolution of theblack holes is apparently in conf... ...k holes is apparently in conflict with standard quantum physics because it excludes entropygrowth. (Curiel and Bokulich 2018) In the center of a bl... ...onditions. (Penrose 1965) The Kerr solution, the no-hair theorem, andthe laws of GR thermodynamics showed that the physical properties of black holes ...

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.... (76.)Chapter 8 : Parking in Hilbert’s Space. (94.)Chapter 9 : The Flow of Entropy. (108.)Chapter 10 : The Case for Other Realities. (118)Chapter 11 ... ...------- 106 107 9. The Flow of Entropy.For the next leg of our admittedly involvedjourney, I need to intr... ...three major concepts: The Riemann - Christoffel Tensor, The Second Law of Thermodynamics and Phase Space. Firstly, the Riemann - Christoffel Tenso... ...n us here. Secondly, the Second Law ofThermodynamics. This states that the entropy ofan isolated system increases with time. So, what is entropy? V... ... 108kettle is more ordered, or organised. This is saidto possess lower entropy. However, when the kettle is boiled, the steamwhich issues forth ... ...isordered state, much less tightlyorganised. This is said to possess higher entropy. Moreover, this process is irreversible in thephysical realm we i... ... the universerecollapses or continues to expand.. Due to the Second Law of Thermodynamics,entropy is forever increasing. As has beenmentioned, in pha... ...7, 118, 120.Schopenhauer, Arthur P. 136, 150.Second Law of Thermodynamics P. 107, 114, 120.Sheldrake, Rupert.....P. ...

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...eory. But, of course, it should go beyondsimple numerology or gematria, but perhaps a touchon information theory, Shannon entropy, Riemannzeta hypothe... ...ey Chew from UCLA, Berkeley?Furthermore, information (bit) could be related toShannon entropy, then to thermodynam... ... UCLA, Berkeley?Furthermore, information (bit) could be related toShannon entropy, then to thermodynamics... See thisfr... ... Phys. 51 Florentin Smarandache 1.15 Another interesting question, if it's real thatinformation → entropy → theormodynamics, t... ...ndonly very few articles discussing this issue → Timeflows backward are allowed or not? I think this is right: Shannon entropy →thermodynamics si... ...ry few articles discussing this issue → Timeflows backward are allowed or not? I think this is right: Shannon entropy →thermodynamics since entro... ...r, the bigger entropythe higher temperature, pressure. See:physics/0406137:Title: The (absence of a) relationship between thermodynamic and logical r... ...ysics, Utrecht, November 2003. Disorder also mean timearrow (Gibbs theorem). Soone can say if we could arrange such that entropybecomes less, it woul... ... one knows theneutrosophic energy levels of the system’s components,one obtains the approximate thermodynamicproperties of t...

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...to determine, some valuable insights come from considering theSecond Law of Thermodynamics and the concept of “attractors.” At first glance, self-orga... ...tates that for isolated systems that cannot interact with theirenvironment, entropy will remain constant or increase in time.29 The increase inentropy... ...n that the isolated system will becomeincreasingly disordered, since higher entropy levels are associated with an in-creased number of states or confi... ...bly.32 In this case, exchanges with the environment take place. Theinternal entropy of the system will still increase or remain constant in time.Howev... ...tropy of the system will still increase or remain constant in time.However, entropy can now be exchanged with the environment. The flux ofentropy may ... ...anged with the environment. The flux ofentropy may be such that the overall entropy of the system decreases. For thenoninteracting particles, this dec... ...al Physics, vol. 21, no. 6 (June 1953): 1087–92. 26. In general, systems at thermodynamic equilibrium will seek the lowest energy statepossible. The r... ...ill seek the lowest energy statepossible. The reason comes from statistical thermodynamics. Consider some small system A inthermal equilibrium with a ...

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... violates the law on energy conservation and is incompatible with modern thermodynamics89. o René Descartes (1644) and Christiaan Hu... ...Clerk Maxwell (1875) and Henri Poincaré (1908) in particular for thermodynamic anomalies. Le Sage's theory was studied by Radzievskii an... ...introduced the concept of Hawking radiation according to which black holeshave entropy. This concept states that black holes can radiate energy, conse... ...e entropy. This concept states that black holes can radiate energy, conserving entropy andsolving the problems of incompatibility with the second law ... ...ving entropy andsolving the problems of incompatibility with the second law of thermodynamics. The loss of energysuggests that black holes "evaporate"... ... 013,https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2012/02/013. 463 P. C. W. Davies, “Thermodynamics of Black Holes,” Reports on Progress in Physics 41, no. ... ...black hole has completely evaporated, these separations will disappear, andthe entropy of the universe will increase. 470 Warren G. ... ...e, even if they unite (the second law of black hole mechanics, bysimilarity to entropy in thermodynamics). 533 To prevent the black holes from having ... ...they unite (the second law of black hole mechanics, bysimilarity to entropy in thermodynamics). 533 To prevent the black holes from having zero entrop...

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... Exemplars for Future Wars: Friction as a Weapon and Entropy .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... ...n were any of their adversaries .Exemplars for Future Wars: Friction as a Weapon and Entropy Can a more organic view of war produce better exemplars f... ... general friction with uncertainty ininformation and information loss, in turn, with entropy in physics. The first step is to notice that every compon... ...y for describing the rate at which"information' 114 is produced has the same form as entropy (energy unavailable todo useful work) in statistical mech... ... friction as it is to keep your own withinmanageable limits? While the second law of thermodynamics states that the entropy(or lost information) of an... ...llogic. Heisenberg's uncertainty principle in quantum physics. and the second law of thermodynamics . Sofar as I know . John R. Boyd's unpublished 197... ... available in the system for doing useful work . Itdetermines the direction in which thermodynamic processes occur and expresses the fact that, althou... ...tter body" (Withrow, p. 526) . In 1854Clausius restated the second law of the thermodynamics in terms of entropy (from the Greek for ... ...ropy of an isolated system never diminishes (Ibid.). However,because the thermodynamic concept of entropy did not represent a...

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...CSI. Time Asymmetry Re-VisitedII. Negentropic Agents and the Increase of EntropyIII. The Complexity of SimplicityIV. Bestowed ExistenceV. The Deco... ... Psychophysics Negentropic Agents and the Increase of Entropy Superstring and Membrane TheoriesReturnNegentropic Agents a... ...erstring and Membrane TheoriesReturnNegentropic Agents and the Increase of EntropyThe Second Law of Thermodynamics predicts the gradualenergetic decay... ...oriesReturnNegentropic Agents and the Increase of EntropyThe Second Law of Thermodynamics predicts the gradualenergetic decay of physical closed syste... ...odynamics predicts the gradualenergetic decay of physical closed systems ("entropy").Arguably, the Universe as a whole is precisely such asystem.Local... ...n systems,order sometimes tends to increase and, by definition,statistical entropy tends to decrease. This is the orthodoxy.Personally, I believe othe... ...ortant than any other (in-built) "consideration". Timeand the Third Law of Thermodynamics are pitted againstLife (as an integral and ubiquitous part o... ...tisticallyevenly-scattered events would have led to an increase inentropy (thermodynamic laws are the offspring ofstatistical mechanics). But this sim... ...essing (=representations of reality) and, as a result, toinformational and thermodynamic (=time) asymmetries.The feeling of the present, on the other ...

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...CSI. Time Asymmetry Re-VisitedII. Negentropic Agents and the Increase of EntropyIII. The Complexity of SimplicityIV. Bestowed ExistenceV. The Deco... ...nt ropi c A ge nts a nd t h e I n c r e ase of E n t ropyThe Second Law of Thermodynamics predicts the gradualenergetic decay of physical closed syste... ...odynamics predicts the gradualenergetic decay of physical closed systems ("entropy").Arguably, the Universe as a whole is precisely such asystem.Local... ...n systems,order sometimes tends to increase and, by definition,statistical entropy tends to decrease. This is the orthodoxy.Personally, I believe othe... ...mechanism), Nature causeshumans to begin to internalize and assimilate the Entropythat they themselves generate. This is done through aseries of intri... ...ortant than any other (in-built) "consideration". Timeand the Third Law of Thermodynamics are pitted againstLife (as an integral and ubiquitous part o... ...lected.We can assume that only order-increasing Universes donot succumb to entropy and death (the weak hypothesis).It could even be argued (as we do h... ...tisticallyevenly-scattered events would have led to an increase inentropy (thermodynamic laws are the offspring ofstatistical mechanics). But this sim... ...essing (=representations of reality) and, as a result, toinformational and thermodynamic (=time) asymmetries.The feeling of the present, on the other ...

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...r unification? Can we reconcile the observed constructivenessof cosmic evolution with the inherent destructiveness of thermodynamics?Specifically how ... ...ond thosesystems. All is in quantitative agreement with valued precepts of thermo-dynamics, especially nonequilibrium thermodynamics. Indeed, the unde... ...tities, such as organized societies and today’s global civilization. Theflow of energy, as dictated by nonequilibrium thermodynamics in an expanding u... ...and to do so with known scientificprinciples that avoid mysticism, vitalism, creationism, and the like.Nonequilibrium ThermodynamicsCosmic evolution, ... ...dynamicsCosmic evolution, as understood today, is governed largely by the known lawsof physics, particularly those of thermodynamics. Note the adverb ... ... thermodynamics—the kind most oftenused to describe closed systems isolated from their environments and havingmaximum entropy states. All structures, ... ...mic Evolutionspontaneously toward more ordered states. Structures left alone naturally tendto break down and increase entropy. When unattended, for ex... ...surrounding environment,we find good agreement with modern, nonequilibrium thermodynamics. Inthis way, both order and entropy can increase together—th... ...stems observedthroughout nature.10 Cosmic Evolutiondissipative structures can export some of their entropy (or dissipate some ofthe...

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...………………………………………………………………………………………….....…...62 Hazwani Hashim, Lazim Abdullah, Ashraf Al-Quran and Azzah Awang, Entropy Measures for Interval Neutrosop... ... Selvachandran, Florentin Smarandache, J. Vimala, Son Hoang Le, Quang- Thinh Bui, Vassilis C. Gerogiannis: Entropy Measures for Plithogenic Sets a... ...21.[26] Abu Qamar, M. and Hassan, N. 2018. Q-neutrosophic soft relation and its application in decisionmaking. Entropy 20, 172.[27] Abu Qamar, M. and ... ...ems, 20, 87-96. 4. Chatterjee, R., Majumdar, P., & Samanta, S.K. (2016). On some similarity measures and entropy on quadripartitioned single val... ...eutrosophic Sets and Systems, Vol. 45, 2021 University of New Mexico Entropy Measures for Interval Neutrosop... ...143: p. 295-309. 21. Liao, H., et al., Green logistic provider selection with a hesitant fuzzy linguistic thermodynamic method integrating cumula...