2009 In Paleontology

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Important taxa described (but not necessarily validly named) in 2009

life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils.^[1] This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because mankind has encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred in the year 2009.

Contents

1 Arthropods

1.1 Anomalocaridids

1.2 Arachnids

1.3 Insects

2 Cephalopods

3 Amphibians

3.1 Newly named amphibians

4 Anapsids

4.1 Newly named anapsids

5 Bony fish

6 Archosauromorphs

6.1 Basal archosauromorphs

6.2 Crurotarsans

6.3 Non-avian dinosaurs

6.3.1 Research

6.3.2 Hadrosaur chewing study

6.3.3 New taxa

6.4 Aves

6.4.1 Research

6.4.2 Newly described birds

6.5 Pterosaurs

7 Lepidosauromorphs

7.1 Basal lepidosauromorphs

7.2 Plesiosaurs

7.3 Squamates

8 Synapsids

8.1 Non-mammalian

8.2 Mammals

9 Plants

9.1 Angiosperms

10 Relevant research in other sciences

10.1 Evolutionary biology

10.2 Extinction

10.3 Geology

10.4 Ichnology

10.5 Paleobiogeography

10.6 Paleoecology

11 Footnotes

11.1 Complete author list

11.2 References

Arthropods

Anomalocaridids

Name Novelty Status Authors Age Unit Location Notes Images

Schinderhannes^[2]

gen et sp nov

Valid

Kühl, Briggs, & Rust

Lower Devonian

Hunsrück Slate

Germany

Arachnids

Name Novelty Status Authors Age Unit Location Notes Images

Palaeoperenethis^[3]

gen et sp nov

Valid

Selden & Penney

Ypresian

Horsefly Lagerstätte, British Columbia

Canada

Insects

Name Novelty Status Authors Age Unit Location Notes Images

Agulla mineralensis^[4]

sp nov

Valid

Engel

Late Barstovian

Stewart Valley Group

USA

only described Neogene snakefly fossil

Allorapisma^[5]

gen et sp nov

Valid

Makarkin & Archibald

Ypresian

Tom Thumb Tuff, Klondike Mountain Formation

USA

Allorapisma chuorum

Apis (Cascapis) nearctica^[6]
sp nov

Valid

Engel, Hinojosa-Diaz, & Rasnitsyn

Middle Miocene

USA

The first fossil honey bee from the New World.

Aspidopleura^[7]
gen et sp nov

Valid

Gibson

Eocene

Baltic amber

Aspidopleura baltica

Brevivulva^[7]

gen et sp nov

Valid

Gibson

Eocene

Baltic amber

Brevivulva electroma

Cimbrophlebia brooksi^[8]

sp nov

Valid

Archibald

Ypresian

Tom Thumb Tuff, Klondike Mountain Formation

USA

Cimbrophlebia flabelliformis^[8]

sp nov

Valid

Archibald

Ypresian

Kamloops Group, McAbee, British Columbia

Canada

Cimbrophlebia leahyi^[8]

sp nov

Valid

Archibald

Ypresian

Kamloops Group, McAbee, British Columbia

Canada

Cimbrophlebia westae^[8]

sp nov

Valid

Archibald

Ypresian

Tom Thumb Tuff, Klondike Mountain Formation

USA

Denaeaspis^[9]

gen et sp nov

valid

Chaboo & Engel

Lutetian

Parachute Member, Green River Formation

USA

One of the oldest tortoise beetles

Eosacantha^[9]

gen et sp nov

valid

Chaboo & Engel

Lutetian

Parachute Member, Green River Formation

USA

One of the oldest tortoise beetles

Leptofoenus pittfieldae^[10]

sp nov

Valid

Engel

Burdigalian

Dominican amber

Dominican Republic

Leptofoenus pittfieldae

Metapelma archetypon^[7]

sp nov

Valid

Gibson

Eocene

Baltic amber

Metapelma archetypon

Neanaperiallus^[7]

gen et sp nov

Valid

Gibson

Eocene

Baltic amber

Neanaperiallus masneri

Nesagapostemon^[11]

gen et sp nov

Valid

Engel

Burdigalian

Dominican amber

Dominican Republic

Nesagapostemon moronei

[12]

sp nov

Valid

Archibald, Makarkin, & Ansorge

Ypresian

Tom Thumb Tuff, Klondike Mountain Formation

USA

Nymphes georgei

Oligochlora semirugosa^[11]

sp nov

Valid

Engel

Burdigalian

Dominican amber

Dominican Republic

Oligochlora semirugosa

Pronymphes hoffeinsorum^[12]

Valid

Archibald, Makarkin, Ansorge

Priabonian

Yantarny [=Palmnicken], Kaliningradskaya Oblast’

Russia

Termitaradus mitnicki^[13]

sp nov

Valid

Engel

Burdigalian

Dominican amber

Dominican Republic

Termitaradus mitnicki

Cephalopods

Three new species of extinct Octopoda discovered in 2009. The species - Keuppia hyperbolaris, Keuppia levante, and Styletoctopus annae - lived about 95 million years ago, and bear a strong resemblance to modern octopuses, suggesting that the Octopoda order has remained relatively unchanged for tens of millions of years. The fossils included evidence of arms, muscles, rows of suckers, ink, and internal gills. The discovery was made by a team led by Dirk Fuchs of the Freie University, which is located at Berlin, Germany.^[14] The fossils were found at Hakel and Hadjoula, Lebanon.^[15] Various new ammonoid taxa were named, including Ivoites.

Name Novelty Status Authors Age Unit Location Notes Images

Keuppia^[16]

Gen et sp nov

Valid

Fuchs, Bracchi, & Weis

Upper Cenomanian

Lebanon

Keuppia levante

Styletoctopus^[16]

gen et sp nov

Valid

Fuchs, Bracchi, & Weis

Upper Cenomanian

Lebanon

Ivoites^[17]

gen nov

Valid

De Baets, Klug, & Korn

Lower Emsian

Germany

Amphibians

Newly named amphibians

Name Status Authors Age Unit Location Notes Images

Cratia^[18]

Valid

Báez

Moura

Gómez

Lower Cretaceous

Crato Formation

Brazil

Possible stem neobatrachian

Eurycephalella^[18]

Valid

Báez

Moura

Gómez

Lower Cretaceous

Crato Formation

Brazil

A hyloid

Nannaroter^[19]

Valid

Anderson

Scott

Reisz

Early Permian

USA

The smallest known ostodolepid microsaur

Nesovtriton^[20]

Valid

Skutschas

Turonian

Bissekty Formation

Uzbekistan

A cryptobranchoid salamander

Regalerpeton^[21]

Valid

Zhang

Wang

Jones

Evans

Early Cretaceous

Huajiying Formation

China

A cryptobranchoid salamander

Spinarerpeton^[22]

Valid

Klembara

Early Permian

Boskovice Furrow

Czech Republic

A discosauriscid seymouriamorph

Anapsids

Newly named anapsids

Name Status Authors Discovery year Age Unit Location Notes Images

Angolachelys^[23]

Valid

Mateus

Jacobs

et al.^{[CAL 1]}

Turonian (Late Cretaceous)

Angola

Aurorachelys^[24]

Valid

Vandermark

Tarduno

et al.^{[CAL 2]}

Late Cretaceous

Strand Fiord Formation

Canada

Australothyris^[25]

Valid

Modesto

Scott

Reisz

Middle Permian

Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone

South Africa

A basal parareptile

Basilochelys^[26]

Valid

Tong

Claude

et al.^{[CAL 3]}

Late Jurassic/Lower Cretaceous

Phu Kradung Formation

Thailand

Cedrobaena^[27]

Valid

Lyson

Joyce

Paleocene

Fort Union Formation

USA

New genus for "Plesiobaena" putorius Gaffney, 1972

Derrisemys^[28]

Junior synonym

Hutchison

Early Paleocene

USA

Junior synonym of Hutchemys.^[29]

Eileanchelys^[30]

Valid

Anquetin

Barrett

et al.^{[CAL 4]}

Middle Jurassic

Kilmaluag Formation

Scotland

Hutchemys^[31]

Valid

Joyce

Revan

Lyson

Danilov

Paleocene

Fort Union Formation
Tullock Formation

USA

A plastomenine softshell turtles

Kinkonychelys^[32]

Valid

Gaffney

Krause

Zalmout

Late Cretaceous

Maevarano Formation

Madagascar

Palatobaena cohen^[33]

Valid

Lyson

Joyce

Maastrichtian

Hell Creek Formation

USA

A baenid

Peckemys^[27]

Valid

Lyson

Joyce

Late Cretaceous

Hell Creek Formation

USA

A baenid

Plastomenoides^[28]

Junior synonym

Hutchison

Early Paleocene

USA

Junior synonym of Hutchemys.^[29]

Procolina^[34]

Valid

Borsuk−Białynicka

Lubka

early Late Olenekian

Czatkowice 1

Poland

A procolophonine procolophonid

Bony fish

Newly named Tetrapodomoprhs

Name Status Authors Age Unit Location Notes Images

Heddleichthys^[35]
Valid

Snitting

Famennian (Late Devonian)

Dura Den Formation

Scotland

Langlieria^[36]
Valid

Clément

Snitting

Ahlberg

Famennian (Late Devonian)

Evieux Formation

Belgium

Shimada, K.; Everhart, M.J. (2009). "First record of Anomoeodus (Osteichthyes: Pycnodontiformes) from the Upper Cretaceous Niobrara Chalk of western Kansas". Kansas Academy of Science, Transactions 112 (1/2): 98–102.

A new species of late Maastrichtian bony fish (Ichthyodectiformes: Saurocephalus) from Jordan, Saurocephalus longicorpus described by Kaddumi (2009)

A new species of late Maastrichtian bony fish (Aulopiformes: Enchodontidae) from Jordan, Enchodus harranaensis described by Kaddumi (2009)

Reference: Kaddumi, H. F. 2009. Fossils of the Harrana Fauna and the Adjacent Areas. Publications of the Etrnal Rive Museum of Natural History, Amman. 324 pp.

Archosauromorphs

Basal archosauromorphs

Newly named basal archosauromorphs

Name Status Authors Age Unit Location Notes Images

Czatkowiella^[37]

Valid

Borsuk−Białynicka

Evans

earliest Late Olenekian

Czatkowice 1

Poland

A long−necked archosauromorph

Crurotarsans

Delfino, M.; Smith, T. (2009). "A reassessment of the morphology and taxonomic status of 'Crocodylus' depressifrons Blainville, 1855 (Crocodylia, Crocodyloidea) based on the Early Eocene remains from Belgium". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 156 (1): 140–167.

Newly named crurotarsans

Name Status Authors Age Unit Location Notes Images

Armadillosuchus^[38]
Valid

Marinho

Carvalho

Late Cretaceous

Adamantina Formation

Brazil

Notosuchian with heavy, armadillo-like body armor consisting of flexible bands and rigid shields

Armadillosuchus

Barcinosuchus^[39]
Valid

Leardi

Pol

Aptian - Albian

Cerro Barcino Formation

Argentina

A peirosaurid

Collilongus^[40]
Valid

Borsuk−Białynicka

Sennikov

Early Olenekian

Czatkowice 1

Poland

Possible rauisuchian

Coringasuchus^[41]
Valid

Kellner

Pinheiro

et al.^{[CAL 5]}

Early Cenomanian

Alcântara Formation

Brazil

Duerosuchus^[42]
Valid

Santiago

Andrés

Middle Eocene

Spain

Hypselorhachis^[43]
Valid

Butler

Barrett

et al.^{[CAL 6]}

Middle Triassic

Manda Beds

Tanzania

Possible ctenosauriscid

Kaprosuchus^[44]
Valid

Sereno

Larson

Upper Cretaceous

Echkar Formation

Niger

Unusual large mahajangasuchid with hypertrophied caniniform teeth and posteriorly projecting horns

Kaprosuchus

Kemkemia^[45]
Valid

Cau & Maganuco

Cenomanian

Kem Kem Beds

Morocco

Initially identified as a theropod dinosaur,^[45] but subsequently discovered to be a crocodyliform.^[46]

Khoratosuchus^[47]
Valid

Lauprasert

Cuny

et al.^{[CAL 7]}

Early Cretaceous

Thailand

Youngest Mesozoic crocodyliform yet known from Thailand

Laganosuchus ^[44]
Valid

Sereno

Larson

Cenomanian

Echkar Formation
Kem Kem Beds

Niger
Morocco

Laganosuchus

Miadanasuchus ^[48]
Valid

Simons

Buckley

Campanian

Maevarano Formation

Madagascar

A new genus for "Trematochampsa" oblita (Buffetaut & Taquet, 1979)

Morrinhosuchus^[49]
Valid

Iori

Carvalho

Late Cretaceous

Adamantina Formation

Brazil

Notosuchian from Brazil

Penghusuchus^[50]
Valid

Shan

Wu

et al.^{[CAL 8]}

Late Miocene

Taiwan

A tomistomine crocodilian.

Polonosuchus^[51]
Valid

Brusatte

Butler

et al.^{[CAL 9]}

Late Carnian

Poland

A new genus for "Teratosaurus" silesiacus (Sulej, 2005)

Polonosuchus

Yacarerani ^[52]
Valid

Novas

Pais

et al.^{[CAL 10]}

Late Cretaceous

Bolivia

Yacarerani

Non-avian dinosaurs

Research

A new study on theropod furculae is published.[53]

A "detailed description of the skull and mandible of the Chinese cerapodan ornithischian dinosaur Jeholosaurus shangyuanensis" is published.^[54]

Knoll, F., Padian, K., and de Ricqles, A. 2009. Ontogenetic change and adult body size of the early ornithischian dinosaur Lesothosaurus diagnosticus: Implications for basal ornithischian taxonomy. Gondwana Research. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2009.03.010.

Matthews, J. C., Brusatte, S. L., Williams, S. A., and Henderson, M. D., 2009, The first Triceratops bonebed and its implications for gregarious behavior Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology v. 29, n. 1, p. 286-290.

Williamson, T. E., Carr, T. D., Williams, S. A., and Tremaine, K., 2009, Early ontogeny of pachycephalosaurine squamosals as revealed by juvenile specimens from the Hell Creek Formation, eastern Montana: Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, v. 29, n. 1, p. 291-294.

Bittencourt, J.S., and A.W.A. Kellner. 2009. The anatomy and phylogenetic position of the Triassic dinosaur Staurikosaurus pricei Colbert, 1970. Zootaxa 2079:1-56.

Chin, K.; Hartman, J.H.; Roth, B. (2009). "Opportunistic exploitation of dinosaur dung: fossil snails in coprolites from the Upper Cretaceous Two Medicine Formation of Montana". Lethaia 42 (2): 185–198.

Maidment, S.C.R., and Porro, L.B. 2009. Homology of the palpebral and origin of supraorbital ossifications in ornithischian dinosaurs. Lethaia. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2009.00172.x.

Gates, T.A., and Farke, A.A. 2009. Biostratigraphic and biogeographic implications of a hadrosaurid (Ornithopoda: Dinosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous Almond Formation of Wyoming, USA. Cretaceous Research. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2009.05.001.

Moratalla, J.J.; Hernán, J. (2008). "Los Cayos S y D: dos afloramientos con icnitas de saurópodos, terópodos y ornitópodos en el Cretácico Inferior del área de Los Cayos (Cornago, La Rioja, España)". Estudios Geológicos 64 (2): 161–173.

Taylor, M.P.; Wedel, M.J.; Naish, D. (2009). "Head and neck posture in sauropod dinosaurs inferred from extant animals". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 54 (2): 213–220.

Hadrosaur chewing study

A study titled "Quantitative analysis of dental microwear in hadrosaurid dinosaurs, and the implications for hypotheses of jaw mechanics and feeding" is published by British paleontologists Mark Purnell, Paul Barrett and student Vince Williams. The paper examined the chewing methods and diet of hadrosaurid ("duck billed") dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous period. The scientists analyzed hundreds of microscopic scratches on the teeth of a fossilized Edmontosaurus jaw, and believe they determined exactly how a hadrosaur broke down and ate its food, which had previously eluded researchers.

The study found hadrosaurs had a unique way of eating unlike any creature living today. In contrast to a flexible lower jaw joint prevalent in today's mammals, hadrosaurs had a unique hinge between the upper jaws and the rest of its skull. The team found the dinosaur's upper jaws pushed outwards and sideways while chewing, as the lower jaw slid against the upper teeth.

The study also concluded that hadrosaurs likely grazed on horsetails and vegetation close to the ground, rather than browsing higher-growing leaves and twigs. However, Purnell said these conclusions were less secure than the more conclusive evidence regarding the motion of teeth while chewing. Previous studies found contradictory conclusions, and the issue remains a subject of debate.

The findings were published on June 30, 2009 in the journal, The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Purnell said no previous study had ever employed this method of analyzing microscopic teeth scratches, and that the method could be used to study other areas of scientific research.

New taxa

Data courtesy of George Olshevky's dinosaur genera list.^[55] ~44 dinosaur genera were erected in 2009.

Name Status Authors Discovery year Age Unit Location Notes Images

Adeopapposaurus^[56] Valid

Ricardo N. Martínez

Cañón del Colorado Formation

Argentina

Adeopapposaurus

Aerosteon^[57] Valid

Sereno

R. N. Martinez

et al.^{[CAL 11]}

Rio Colorado Formation

Argentina

Aerosteon

Albalophosaurus ^[58]
Valid

Ohashi

Barrett

Kuwajima Formation

Japan

Albertonykus^[59] Valid

Longrich

Currie

lower Maastrichtian

Horseshoe Canyon Formation

Canada

Albertonykus

Anchiornis^[60] Valid

Xu X.

Zhao Q.

et al.^{[CAL 12]}

Tiaojishan Formation

China

Anchiornis

Angulomastacator^[61]

Valid

J. R. Wagner

Lehman

Aguja Formation

USA

Arenysaurus^[62]

Valid

Xabier Pereda-Suberbiolaa

José Ignacio Canudob

et al.^{[CAL 13]}

Australovenator^[63]

Valid

Hocknull

White

et al.^{[CAL 14]}

Winton Formation

Australia

Australovenator

Baotianmansaurus^[64]
Valid

Zhang, X.

Lü, J.

et al.^{[CAL 15]}

Gaogou Formation

China

Barrosasaurus^[65]
Valid

Salgado

Coria

Anacleto Formation

Argentina

Ceratonykus^[66]
Valid

Alifanov

Barsbold

Barun Goyot Formation

Mongolia

Ceratonykus

Diamantinasaurus^[67]
Valid

Hocknull

White

et al.^{[CAL 14]}

Winton Formation

Australia

Diamantinasaurus

Elrhazosaurus^[68]

Valid

Galton

Elrhaz Formation

Niger

Helioceratops^[69]
Valid

Jin

Chen

et al.^{[CAL 16]}

Quantou Formation

China

Hesperonychus^[70]
Valid

Longrich

Currie

Dinosaur Park Formation

Canada

Smallest known dinosaur from North America.

Hesperonychus

Jintasaurus^[71]

Valid

You

Li

Xinminpu Group

China

Kinnareemimus^[72]
Valid

Buffetaut

Suteethorn

Tong

Sao Khua Formation

Thailand

Kol^[73]
Valid

Turner

Nesbitt

Norell

Djadochta Formation

Mongolia

Kol

Leshansaurus^[74]

Valid

Li

Peng

et al.^{[CAL 17]}

Shangshaximiao Formation

China

Levnesovia^[75] Valid

Sues

Averianov

Bissekty Formation

Uzbekistan

The oldest Hadrosauroidean

Limusaurus^[76] Valid

Xu

Shishugou Formation

China

The first Asian ceratosaur to be discovered

Limusaurus

Luoyanggia^[77] Valid

Lü

Xu

et al.^{[CAL 18]}

Mangchuan Formation

China

An oviraptorosaur

Malarguesaurus^[78] Valid

González Riga

Previtera

Pirrone

Portezuelo Formation

Argentina

Minotaurasaurus^[79] Valid

Clifford A. Miles

Clark J. Mikes

Minotaurasaurus

Miragaia^[80] Valid

Mateus

Maidment

Christiansen

Sobral Formation

Portugal

Long necked stegosaur.

Miragaia

Owenodon^[68]

Valid

Galton

Purbeck Limestone

UK

Owenodon

Panphagia^[81] Valid

Martinez

Alcober

Ischigualasto Formation

Argentina

The most basal known sauropodomorph.^[81]

Panphagia

Qiaowanlong^[71]
Valid

You

Li

Xinminpu Group

China

Qiaowanlong

Raptorex^[82]

Sereno

Brusatte

et al.^{[CAL 19]}

Yixian Formation

China

Tyrannosauroidea

Raptorex

Ruyangosaurus^[83]
Valid

Lu

Xu

et al.^{[CAL 20]}

Mangchuan Formation

China

Shaochilong^[84]
Valid

Brusatte

Benson

et al.^{[CAL 21]}

Ulansuhai Formation

China

Shaochilong

Shidaisaurus^[85]
Valid

Wu

Currie

et al.^{[CAL 22]}

Upper Lufeng Formation

China

Sinotyrannus^[86]

Valid

Ji

Ji

Zhang

Jiufotang Formation

China

Skorpiovenator^[87] Valid

Canale

Scanferla

et al.^{[CAL 23]}

Huincul Formation

Argentina

Skorpiovenator

Spinophorosaurus^[88]

Remes

Ortega

et al.^{[CAL 24]}

Irhazer Group

Niger

Sauropoda

Spinophorosaurus

Tatankacephalus^[89]

Valid

Parsons

Parsons

Cloverly Formation

USA

Tawa^[90]

Valid

Nesbitt

Smith

et al.^{[CAL 25]}

Chinle Formation

USA

Tawa

Tethyshadros^[91]

Valid

Dalla Vecchia

Liburnia Formation

Italy

Tethyshadros

Tianyulong^[92]

Valid

Zheng

You

et al.^{[CAL 26]}

Tiaojishan Formation

China

Tianyulong

Wintonotitan^[67]

Valid

Hocknull

White

et al.^{[CAL 14]}

Winton Formation

Australia

Wintonotitan

Xianshanosaurus^[77] Valid

Lü

Xu

et al.^{[CAL 18]}

Mangchuan Formation

China

A sauropod

"Xinghesaurus"

Nomen nudum

Hasegawa

Carpenter

et al.^{[CAL 27]}

Name published without scientific description in Japanese guidebook "Dinosaur Expo 2009: The Miracle of Deserts"

Zanabazar^[93]

Valid

Norell

Makovicky

et al.^{[CAL 28]}

Nemegt Formation

Mongolia

Zanabazar

Aves

Research

Anfinson, O.A., Lockley, M.G., Kim, S.H., Kim, K.S., and Kim, J.Y. 2009. First report of the small bird track Koreanaornis from the Cretaceous of North America: implications for avian ichnotaxonomy and paleoecology. Cretaceous Research. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2009.02.001.

Lockley, M., Chin, K., Houck, K., Matsukawa, M., and Kukihara, R. 2009. New interpretations of Ignotornis, the first-reported Mesozoic avian footprints: implications for the paleoecology and behavior of an enigmatic Cretaceous bird. Cretaceous Research. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2009.04.001.

Bell, A.; Everhart, M.J. (2009). "A new specimen of Parahesperornis (Aves: Hesperornithiformes) from the Smoky Hill Chalk (Early Campanian) of western Kansas". Kansas Academy of Science, Transactions 112 (1/2): 7–14.

Newly described birds

Name Novelty Status Authors Age Unit Location Notes Images

Alamitornis minutus ^[94]

Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.

Valid

Federico L. Agnolin

Agustín G. Martinelli

Late Cretaceous

Los Alamitos Formation

Argentina

Placed in ?Patagopterygiformes by Agnolin and Martinelli.

Australotadorna alecwilsoni ^[95]

Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.

Valid

Trevor H. Worthy

Late Oligocene

Etadunna Formation

Australia

An Anatidae.

Bonasa nini ^[96]

Sp. nov.

Valid

Antonio Sánchez Marco

Early Pleistocene

Lower Elefante, TE 13 layer

Spain:

Castile and León

A Phasianidae.

Calidris janossyi ^[97]

Sp. nov.

Valid

Jenö Kessler

Late Miocene

MN 13

Hungary

A Scolopacidae.

Calonectris kurodai ^[98]

Sp. nov.

Valid

Storrs L. Olson

Middle Miocene

Calvert Formation

USA:

Virginia

A Procellariidae, the smallest of the genus.

Cariama santacrucensis ^[99]

Sp. nov.

Valid

Jorge I. Noriega

Sergio F. Vizcaino

Susana Bargo

Early-Middle Miocene

Estancia La Costa Member,

Santa Cruz Formation

Argentina

A Cariamidae, Federico L. Agnolin, 2009, placed this species in Noriegavis Agnolin, 2009.^[100]

Charadrius lambrechti.^[97]

Sp. nov.

Valid

Jenö Kessler

Late Miocene

MN 13

Hungary

A Scolopacidae.

Clangula matraensis ^[101]

Sp. nov.

Valid

Jenö Kessler

Middle Miocene

MN 6-8

Hungary

An Anatidae.

Confuciusornis feducciai ^[102]

Sp. nov.

Valid

Zuhui Zhang

Chunling Gao

Qingjin Meng

Jinyuan Liu

Lianhai Hou

Guangmei Zheng

Early Cretaceous

Yixian Formation

China

A Confuciusornithidae.

Cygnopterus neogradiensis ^[103]

Sp. nov.

Valid

Jenö Kessler

János Hír

Middle Miocene

Sajóvölgy Formation,

MN 7-8

Hungary

An Anatidae.

Diomedeoides harmati ^[104]

Sp. nov.

Valid

Jenö Kessler

Early Oligocene

MP 24

Hungary

A Diomedeoididae Fischer, 1985, placed in Rupelornis van Beneden, 1871 by Gerald Mayr and Thierry Smith, 2012

Egretta polgardiensis ^[101]

Sp. nov.

Valid

Jenö Kessler

Late Miocene

MN 13

Hungary

An Ardeidae

Elbretornis bonapartei ^[105]

Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.

Valid

Cyril A. Walker

Gareth J. Dyke

Maastrichtian

Lecho Formation

Argentina

An Enantiornithes Walker, 1981, Euenantiornithes Chiappe, 2002, this is the type species of the new genus.

Eoanseranas handae ^[106]

Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.

Valid

Trevor H. Worthy

John D. Scanlon

Late Oligocene - Early Miocene

Riverleigh World Heritage Property

Australia:

Queensland

An Anseranatidae, this is the type species of the new genus.

Gansugyps linxiaensis ^[107]

Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.

Valid

Zhang Zihui

Zheng Xiaoting

Zheng Guangmei

Hou Lianhai

Late Miocene

Upper Liushu Formation

China

An Accipitridae, this is the type species of the new genus.

Heliadornis minor ^[101]

Sp. nov.

Valid

Jenö Kessler

Late Pliocene

MN 15-16

Slovakia

A Phaethontidae.

Heliornis sumeghensis ^[97]

Sp. nov.

Valid

Jenö Kessler

Late Miocene

MN 11-12

Hungary

A Heliornithidae

Jianchangornis microdonta ^[108]

Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.

Valid

Zhou Zhonghe

Zhang Fucheng

Li Zhiheng

Early Cretaceous

Albian

Jiufotang Formation

China

A basal Ornithurae Haeckel, 1866, this is the type species of the new genus.

Martinavis minor ^[105]

Sp. nov.

Valid

Cyril A. Walker

Gareth J. Dyke

Late Cretaceous

Maastrichtian

Lecho Formation

Argentina

An Enantiornithes Walker, 1981, Euenantiornithes Chiappe, 2002.

Martinavis saltariensis ^[105]

Sp. nov.

Valid

Cyril A. Walker

Gareth J. Dyke

Late Cretaceous

Maastrichtian

Lecho Formation

Argentina

An Enantiornithes Walker, 1981, Euenantiornithes Chiappe, 2002.

Martinavis whetstonei ^[105]

Sp. nov.

Valid

Cyril A. Walker

Gareth J. Dyke

Late Cretaceous

Maastrichtian

Lecho Formation

Argentina

An Enantiornithes Walker, 1981, Euenantiornithes Chiappe, 2002.

Megalocoturnix cordoni ^[96]

Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.

Valid

Antonio Sánchez Marco

Early Pliocene

Ruscinian,

MN 15

Spain:

Castile and León

A Phasianidae, this is the type species of the new genus.

Megapaloelodus peiranoi ^[109]

Sp. nov.

Valid

Federico L. Agnolin

Late Miocene

Andalhualá Formation

Argentina

A Phoenicopteriformes, Palaelodidae Stejneger, 1885.

Mergus minor ^[101]

Sp. nov.

Valid

Jenö Kessler

Middle Miocene

MN 6-8

Hungary

An Anatidae.

Miocepphus blowi ^[110]

Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.

Valid

Erik Wijnker

Storrs L. Olson

Late Miocene

Eastover Formation;

Breda Formation Mill

USA:

Virginia;

Netherlands:

North Brabant

An Alcidae.

Miocepphus bohaskai ^[110]

Sp. nov.

Valid

Erik Wijnker

Storrs L. Olson

Late Miocene

Eastover Formation;

Breda Formation Mill

USA:

Maryland,

Virginia;

Netherlands:

North Brabant

An Alcidae.

Miocepphus mergulellus ^[110]

Sp. nov.

Valid

Erik Wijnker

Storrs L. Olson

Late Miocene

Eastover Formation

USA:

North Carolina

An Alcidae.

Palaeocryptonyx novaki ^[96]

Sp. nov.

Valid

Antonio Sánchez Marco

Late Pliocene

Villanyan,

MN 16

Spain

Castilla-La Mancha

A Phasianidae.

Paracoracias occidentalis ^[111]

Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.

Valid

Julia A. Clarke

Daniel T. Ksepka

N. Adam Smith

Mark A. Norell

Eocene

Green River Formation

USA:

Wyoming?

A stem Coraiiformes.

Pinpanetta fromensis ^[95]

Sp. nov.

Valid

Trevor H. Worthy

Late Oligocene

Etadunna Formation

Australia:

South Australia

An Anatidae.

Pinpanetta tedfordi ^[95]

Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.

Valid

Trevor H. Worthy

Late Oligocene

Etadunna Formation

Australia

South Australia

An Anatidae, this is the type species of the new genus.

Pinpanetta vickersrichae ^[95]

Sp. nov.

Valid

Trevor H. Worthy

Late Oligocene

Etadunna Formation

Australia

An Anatidae.

Podiceps csarnotatus ^[101]

Sp. nov.

Valid

Jenö Kessler

Late Pliocene

MN 15-16

Hungary

A Podicipedidae.

Porzana kretzoii ^[97]

Sp. nov.

Valid

Jenö Kessler

Late Miocene

MN 13

Hungary

A Rallidae.

Porzana matraensis ^[97]

Sp. nov.

Valid

Jenö Kessler

Middle Miocene

MN 6-8

Hungary

A Rallidae.

Primozygodactylus eunjooae ^[112]

Sp. nov.

Valid

Gerald Mayr

Nikita V. Zelenkov

Middle Eocene

MP 11

Germany:

Hessen

A Zygodactylidae Brodkorb, 1971.

Pseudocepphus teres ^[110]

Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.

Valid

Erik Wijnker

Storrs L. Olson

Late Miocene

St. Marys Formation

USA:

Maryland

An Alcidae, this is the type species of the new genus.

Rapaxavis pani ^[113]

Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.

Valid

Eric M. Morschhauser

David J. Varricchio

Gao Chunling

Liu Jinyuan

Wang Xuri

Cheng Xiadong

Meng Qingjin

Early Cretaceous

Jiufotang Formation

China

An Enantiornithes Walker, 1981, Longipterygidae Zhang, Zhou, Hou et Gu, 2000, this is the type species of the new genus.

Rupephaps taketake ^[114]

Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.

Valid

Trevor H. Worthy

Suzanne J. Hand

Jennifer P. Worthy

Alan J. D. Tennyson

R. Paul Scofield

Early Miocene,

Altonian

Bannockburn Formation

New Zealand

An Columbidae, this is the type species of the new genus.

Sapeornis angustis ^[115]

Sp. nov.

Valid

Pauline Provini

Zhou Zhonghe

Zhang Fucheng

Early Cretaceous,

Aptian

Jiufotang Formation

China

A Sapeornithidae Zhou et Zhang, 2006.

Selenornis steendorpensis ^[116]

Sp. nov.

Valid

Gerald Mayr

Early Oligocene,

MP ?23-24

Boom Formation

Belgium:

East Flanders

A Tytonidae, Selenornithinae Mourer-Chauviré, 1987.

Shanweiniao cooperorum ^[117]

Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.

Valid

Jingmai K. O'Connor

Xuri Wang

Luis M. Chiappe

Chunling Gao

Qingjin Meng

Xiaodong Cheng

Jinyuan Liu

Early Cretaceous

Yixian Formation

China

An Enantiornithes Walker, 1981, Familia Longipterygidae Zhang, Zhou, Hou et Gu, 2000, this is the type species of the new genus.

Shanweiniao cooperorum

Talpanas lippa ^[118]

Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.

Valid

Storrs L. Olson

Helen F. James

Holocene

Kauai

USA:

Hawaii

An Anatidae, Kaua'i Mole Duck, a Hawaiian duck that probably lived a kiwi-like lifestyle, this is the type species of the new genus.

Tologuica aurorae ^[119]

Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.

Valid

Nikita V. Zelenkov

Evgeny N. Kurochkin

Middle Miocene

Ööshin Formation

Mongolia

A Phasianidae, this is the type species of the new genus.

Tologuica karhui ^[119]

Sp. nov.

Valid

Nikita V. Zelenkov

Evgeny N. Kurochkin

Middle Miocene

Ööshin Formation

Mongolia

A Phasianidae.

Pterosaurs

Lü, J. (2009). "A new non-pterodactyloid pterosaur from Qinglong County, Hebei Province of China". Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition) 83 (2): 189–199.

Vullo, R., and Neraudeau, D., 2009, Pterosaur remains from the Cenomanian (Late Cretaceous) Paralic Deposits of Charentes, Western France Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, v. 29, n. 1, p. 277-282.

Newly named pterosaurs

Name Status Authors Age Unit Location Notes Images

Carniadactylus^[120]

Valid

Dalla Vecchia

Late Triassic

Italy

A campylognathoidid with a wingspan of about 70 cm.

Changchengopterus^[121]

Valid

Lü

Middle Jurassic

Tiaojishan Formation

China

A primitive long-tailed pterosaur related to Dorygnathus.

Ningchengopterus^[122]

Valid

Lü

Early Cretaceous

Yixian Formation

China

A pterodactyloid known from a juvenile specimen whose fossils preserved details of the flight membrane and fur.

Ningchengopterus.

Wukongopterus^[123]

Valid

Wang

Kellner

Jiang

Meng

Late Jurassic

Daohugou Beds

China

A primitive long tailed pterosaur. The type specimen shows evidence of the animal having broken its shin while alive.

Lepidosauromorphs

Basal lepidosauromorphs

Newly named basal lepidosauromorphs

Name Status Authors Age Unit Location Notes Images

Pamelina^[124]

Valid

Evans

Early Olenekian

Czatkowice 1

Poland

A basal kuehneosaurid

Sophineta^[125]

Valid

Evans

Borsuk−Białynicka

earliest Late Olenekian

Czatkowice 1

Poland

A basal lepidosauromorph

Plesiosaurs

In 2009, in Svalbard, Norway a new pliosaur was found by Jorn Hurum. It currently is codenamed as "Predator X."

O'Keefe, F. R.; Street, H. P. (2009). "Osteology of the cryptocleidoid plesiosaur Tatenectes laramiensis, with comments on the taxonomic status of the Cimoliasauridae". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 29 (1): 48–57.

Newly named plesiosaurs

Name Status Authors Age Unit Location Notes Images

Gallardosaurus^[126]

Valid

Gasparini

Late Jurassic (Oxfordian)

Jagua Formation

Cuba

Nichollssaura^[127]

Valid

Druckenmiller

Russell

Early Cretaceous (Albian)

Clearwater Formation

Canada

Replacement name for Nichollsia Druckenmiller & Russell, 2008, preoccupied by an isopod genus Nichollsia Chopra & Tiwari, 1950

Nichollssaura.

Squamates

Newly named squamates

Name Status Authors Notes Images

Titanoboa^[128] Valid

Head

Bloch

Hastings

Bourque

Cadena

Herrera

Polly

Jaramillo

In February, the fossils of 28 individual T. cerrejonensis (Titanoboas) were announced to have been found in the coal mines of Cerrejón, La Guajira, Colombia.^[129]

Synapsids

Non-mammalian

Name Status Authors Age Unit Location Notes Images

Protuberum^[130]

Valid

Reichel

Schultz

Soares

Middle Triassic (Ladinian)

Santa Maria Formation

Brazil

Raranimus^[131]

Valid

Liu

Rubidge

Li

Middle Permian (Roadian)

Xidagou Formation

China

Raranimus dasahankouensis

Yuanotherium^[132]

Valid

Hu

Meng

Clark

Late Jurassic (Oxfordian)

Shishugou Formation

China

Mammals

A study by J. R. Foster is published estimating the body masses of mammals from the Late Jurassic Morrison Formation by using the ratio of dentary length to body mass of modern marsupials as a reference. Foster concludes that Docodon was the most massive mammal genus of the formation at 141g and Fruitafossor was the least massive at 6g. The average Morrison mammal had a mass of 48.5g. A graph of the body mass distribution of Morrison mammal genera produced a right-skewed curve, meaning that there were more low-mass genera.^[133]

Fujiwara, S.-I. 2009. Olecranon orientation as an indicator of elbow joint angle in the stance phase, and estimation of forelimb posture in extinct quadruped animals. Journal of Morphology. doi:10.1002/jmor.10748.

Fujiwara, S.-I., Kuwazuru, O., Inuzuka, N., and Yochikawa, N. 2009. Relationship between scapular position and structural strength of rib cage in quadruped animals. Journal of Morphology. doi:10.1002/jmor.10744.

Mitchell, G., van Sittert, S.J., and Skinner, J.D. 2009. Sexual selection is not the origin of long necks in giraffes. Journal of Zoology. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2009.00573.x.

Newly named mammals

Name Status Authors Age Unit Location Notes Images

Anoiapithecus^[134]

Valid

Moyà-Solà

Alba

et al.^{[CAL 29]}

Middle Miocene

Spain

Arcantiodelphys^[135]

Valid

Vullo

Gheerbrant

et al.^{[CAL 30]}

Cenomanian

France

Corriebaatar^[136]

Valid

Rich

Vickers-Rich

et al.^{[CAL 31]}

Aptian

Wonthaggi Formation

Australia

First Australian multituberculate.

Darwinius^[137]

Valid

Franzen

Gingerich

et al.^{[CAL 32]}

early Geiseltalian

Messel Formation

Germany

Darwinius

Diaceratherium massiliae^[138]

Valid

Ménouret & Guérin

Late Oligocene

France

A rhinoceros, a species of Diaceratherium.

Disallomys^[139]

Valid

Korth

Late Oligocene

United States

An aplodontiid rodent, a new genus for the species "Allomys" storeri Tedrow and Korth. Genus also contains two new species: Disallomys robustus and D. intermedius.

Douglassciurus sapphirus^[140]

Valid

Korth

Late Oligocene

United States

A sciurine squirrel, a species of Douglassciurus.

Duerotherium^[141]

Valid

Cuesta

Badiola

Middle Eocene

An anoplotheriine artiodactyl

Eritherium^[142]

Valid

Gheerbrant

Early Thanetian

Ouled Abdoun basin

Morocco

The oldest, smallest and most primitive elephant relative.

Ganlea^[143]

Valid

Beard

Marivaux

et al.^{[CAL 33]}

late Middle Eocene

Pondaung Formation

Myanmar

Heliscomys walshi^[144]

Valid

Kelly

Middle Eocene

Sespe Formation

United States

A heliscomyid rodent, a species of Heliscomys.

Kahawamys^[145]

Valid

Stevens

Holroyd

et al.^{[CAL 34]}

Late Oligocene

Nsungwe Formation

Tanzania

A thryonomyoid rodent

Legionarictis^[146]

Valid

Tseng

Wang

Stewart

Miocene (Barstovian)

Temblor Formation

United States

A mustelid. The type species is Legionarictis fortidens.

Maiacetus^[147]

Valid

Gingerich

ul-Haq

et al.^{[CAL 35]}

early Middle Eocene

Habib Rahi Formation

Pakistan

Maiacetus

Meiconodon^[148]

Valid

Kusuhashi

Hu

et al.^{[CAL 36]}

Aptian/Albian

Fuxin Formation
Shahai Formation

China

A alticonodontine triconodontid

Mustela nivalis kudarensis^[149]

Valid

Baryshnikov

Middle to late Pleistocene

South Ossetia

A fossil subspecies of the least weasel.

Nalameryx^[150]

Valid

Métais

Welcomme

Ducrocq

Middle Oligocene

Chitarwata Formation

Pakistan

A lophiomerycid ruminant

Niglarodon brachyodon^[139]

Valid

Korth

Late Oligocene

United States

An aplodontiid rodent, a species of Niglarodon.

Oligospermophilus emryi^[140]

Valid

Korth

Late Oligocene

United States

A cedromurine squirrel, a species of Oligospermophilus emryi.

Praesinomegaceros venustus^[151]

Valid

Vislobokova

Late Miocene (late Turolian)

Russia

A megacerine deer, a species of Praesinomegaceros.

Prosciurus clausulus^[139]

Valid

Korth

Late Oligocene

United States

An aplodontiid rodent, a species of Prosciurus.

Proterix minimus^[152]

Valid

Korth

Late Oligocene

United States

An erinaceid, a species of Proterix.

Puijila^[153]

Valid

Rybczynski

Dawson

Tedford

Early Miocene

Canada

Extinct genus of pinniped.

Puijila

Plants

Angiosperms

Name Novelty Status Authors Age Unit Location Notes Images

Eucalyptolaurus^[154]

gen et sp nov

Valid

Coiffard et al.

uppermost Albian-lowermost Cenomanian

Charente-Maritimes

France

Relevant research in other sciences

Evolutionary biology

A study is published that proposes that females from certain taxa use ornaments as a criterion for mate choice because other dimorphic structures, like biological "weaponry" could be used to coerce or force them to mate.^[155]

A study concludes that biotic factors have more pronounced local and short term evolutionary impacts than abiotic factors, which in turn have a more pronounced effect through time and on biodiversity as a whole.^[156]

Extinction

A study noting the effects of the KT mass extinction on Earth's modern biota is published.^[157]

Geology

Zhang, H.; Wei, Z.-L.; Liu, X.-M.; Li, D. (2009). "Constraints on the age of the Tuchengzi Formation by LA-ICP-MS dating in northern Hebei-western Liaoning, China". Science China Earth Sciences 52 (4): 461–470.

Ichnology

Bedatou, E., Melchor, R.N., and Genise, J.F. 2009. Complex palaeosol ichnofabrics from Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous volcaniclastic successions of central Patagonia, Argentina. Sedimentary Geology. doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2009.04.005

Paleobiogeography

Pereda-Suberbiola, X. 2009. Biogeographical affinities of Late Cretaceous

continental tetrapods of Europe: a review. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 180(1):57-71. doi:10.2113/gssgfbull.180.1.57.

Paleoecology

Nicolas, M., and Rubidge, B.S. 2009. Changes in Permo-Triassic terrestrial tetrapod ecological representation in the Beaufort Group (Karoo Supergroup) of South Africa. Lethaia. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2009.00171.x.

Footnotes

Complete author list

As science becomes more collaborative, papers with large numbers of authors are becoming more common. To prevent the deformation of the tables, these footnotes list the contributors to papers that erect new genera and have many authors.

^ Mateus, Jacobs, Polcyn, Schulp, Vineyard, Neto, Antunes.

^ Vandermark, Tarduno, Brinkman, Cottrell, Mason.

^ Tong, Claude, Naksri, Suteethorn, Buffetaut, Khansubba, Wongko, Yuandetkla.

^ Anquetin, Barrett, Jones, Moore-Fay, Evans.

^ Kellner, Pinheiro, Azevedo, Henriques, de Carvalho, Oliveira.

^ Butler, Barrett, Abel, Gower.

^ Lauprasert, Cuny, Thirakhupt, Suteethorn.

^ Shan, Wu, Cheng, Sato.

^ Brusatte, Butler, Sulej, Niedźwiedzki.

^ Novas, Pais, Pol, Carvalho, Mones, Scanferla, Riglos.

^ Sereno, R. N. Martinez, J. A. Wilson, Varricchio, Alcober.

^ Xu X., Zhao Q., Norell, C. Sullivan, Hone, Erickson, Wang X. L., Han F., Guo.

^ Xabier Pereda-Suberbiolaa, José Ignacio Canudob, Penélope Cruzado-Caballerob, José Luis Barcoc, Nieves López-Martínezd, Oriol Omse, José Ignacio Ruiz-Omeñaca.

^ ^a ^b ^c Hocknull, White, Tischler, Cook, Calleja, Sloan, Elliott.

^ Zhang, X., Lü, J., Xu, L., Li, J., Yang, L.K., Hu, W., Jia, S., Ji, Q. Zhang, C.

^ Jin, Chen, Zan, Godefroit.

^ Li, Peng, Jiang, Huang.

^ ^a ^b Lü, Xu, Jiang, Jia, Li, Yuan, Zhang, Ji.

^ Sereno, Brusatte, Kriegstein, Zhao, Cloward.

^ Lu, Xu, Jia, Zhang, Zhang, Yang, You, Ji.

^ Brusatte, Benson, Chure, Xu, Sullivan, Hone.

^ Wu, Currie, Dong, Pan, Tang.

^ Canale, Scanferla, Agnolin, Novas.

^ Remes, Ortega, Fierro, Joger, Kosma, Ferrer.

^ Nesbitt, Smith, Irmis, Turner, Downs, Norell.

^ Zheng, You, Xu, Dong.

^ Hasegawa, Carpenter, Lamanna, Xu.

^ Norell, Makovicky, Bever, Balanoff, Clark, Barsbold, Rowe.

^ Moyà-Solà, Alba, Almécija, Casanovas-Vilar, Köhler, De Esteban-Trivigno, Robles, Galindo, Fortuny.

^ Vullo, Gheerbrant, de Muizon, Néraudeau.

^ Rich, Vickers-Rich, Flannery, Kear, Cantrill, Komarower, Kool, Pickering, Trusler, Morton, van Klaveren, Fitzgerald.

^ Franzen, Gingerich, Habersetzer, Hurum, von Koenigswald, Smith.

^ Beard, Marivaux, Chaimanee, Jaeger, Marandat, Tafforeau, Soe, Tun, Kyaw.

^ Stevens, Holroyd, Roberts, O'connor, Gottfried.

^ Gingerich, ul-Haq, von Koenigswald, Sanders, Smith, Zalmout.

^ Kusuhashi, Hu, Wang, Hirasawa, Matsuoka.

References

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^ Kühl, G; Briggs, DE; Rust, J (February 2009). "A Great-Appendage Arthropod with a Radial Mouth from the Lower Devonian Hunsrück Slate, Germany". Science 323 (5915): 771–3.

^ Selden, P.A.; Penney, D. (2009). "A fossil spider (Araneae: Pisauridae) of Eocene age from Horsefly, British Columbia, Canada". Contributions to Natural History 12: 1269–1282.

^ Engel, M. S. (2009). "A Miocene snakefly from Stewart Valley, Nevada (Raphidioptera: Raphidiidae)". Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 112 (4): 211–214.

^ Makarkin, V.N.; Archibald, S.B. (2009). "A new genus and first Cenozoic fossil record of moth lacewings (Neuroptera: Ithonidae) from the Early Eocene of North America". Zootaxa 2063: 55–63. Retrieved 24 March 2010.

^ Michael S. Engel, I. A. Hinojosa-Diaz & A. P. Rasnitsyn (2009). (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Apini)"Apis"A honey bee from the Miocene of Nevada and the biogeography of .

^ a ^b ^c ^d Gibson, G.A.P. (2009). "Description of three new genera and four new species of Neanastatinae (Hymenoptera, Eupelmidae) from Baltic amber, with discussion of their relationships to extant taxa". ZooKeys 20.

^ a ^b ^c ^d Archibald, S.B. (2009). "New Cimbrophlebiidae (Insecta: Mecoptera) from the Early Eocene at McAbee, British Columbia, Canada and Republic, Washington, USA". Zootaxa 2249: 51–62. Retrieved 24 March 2010.

^ ^a ^b Chaboo, C. S.; Engel, M. S. (2009). "Eocene tortoise beetles from the Green River Formation in Colorado, U.S.A. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae)". Systematic Entomology 34 (2): 202–209.

^ Engel, M.S. (2005). "The first fossil leptofoenine wasp (Hymenoptera, Pteromalidae): A new species of Leptofoenusin Miocene amber from the Dominican Republic". ZooKeys 13: 57–66.

^ a ^b Engel, M.S. (2009). "Two new halictine bees in Miocene Amber from the Dominican Republic (Hymenoptera, Halictidae)". ZooKeys 29: 1–12.

^ a ^b Archibald, S.B.; Makarkin,V.N.; Ansorge, J. (2009). "New fossil species of Nymphidae (Neuroptera) from the Eocene of North America and Europe". Zootaxa 2157: 59–68.

^ Engel, M.S. (2009). "A new termite bug in Miocene amber from the Dominican Republic (Hemiptera, Termitaphididae)". ZooKeys 25: 61–68.

^ Rare fossil octopuses found, MSNBC, March 18, 2009

^ New Octopus from the late Cretaceous of Hakel and Hadjoula, Lebanon, Palaeontology, Volume 52, Issue 1, Pages 65-81

^ ^a ^b Fuchs, D.; Bracchi, G.; Weis, R. (2009). "New Octopods (Cephalopoda: Coleoidea) from the Late Cretaceous (Upper Cenomanian) of Hakel and Hadjoula, Lebanon". Palaeontology 52 (1): 65–81.

^ De Baets, K.; Klug, C.; Korn, D. (2009). "Anetoceratinae (Ammonoidea, Early Devonian) from the Eifel and Harz Mountains (Germany), with a revision of their genera". Palaeontology 252 (3): 361–376.

^ a ^b Báez, Ana M.; Moura, Geraldo J.B.; Gómez, Raúl O. (2009). "Anurans from the Lower Cretaceous Crato Formation of northeastern Brazil: implications for the early divergence of neobatrachians". Cretaceous Research 30 (4): 829–846.

^ Anderson, J.S.; Scott, D.; and Reisz, R.R. (2009). "Nannaroter mckinziei, a new ostodolepid 'microsaur' (Tetrapoda, Lepospondyli, Recumbirostra) from the Early Permian of Richards Spur (Ft. Sill), Oklahoma". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 29 (2): 379–388.

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