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Butylone, also known as β-keto-N-methylbenzodioxolylbutanamine (bk-MBDB), is an entactogen, psychedelic, and stimulant of the phenethylamine chemical class. It is the β-keto analogue of MBDB. Butylone is produced as a white crystal.[3]
Butylone was first synthesized by Koeppe, Ludwig and Zeile which is mentioned in their 1967 paper. It remained an obscure product of academia until 2005 when it was synthesized by a chemical supply company, and has since continued to be sold as a research chemical.[4] It has since been explored as a possible entheogen. Butylone shares the same relationship to MBDB as methylone does to MDMA ("Ecstasy"). The dosage range is not fully understood but seems to be lower than for MBDB. Formal research on this chemical was first conducted in 2009, when it was shown to be metabolised in a similar manner to related drugs like methylone.[5]
Butylone is a CAD (Cationic amphiphilic drugs), this means that the drug has a hydrophobic section and a cationic hydrophilic section. The hydrophobic section will associate with lipid while the hydrophilic cationic section will associate with the aqueous phase. Lipophilicity of the drug can affect cell membrane permeability. The hydrophobicity allows the drug to interact with membrane receptors. The cationic nature affects movement of Na+ and Ca+ across the cell membrane.
Butylone can be synthesized in a laboratory via the following route: 3,4- methylenedioxybutyrophenone dissolved in dichloromethane to bromine gives 3′,4′-methylenedioxy-2-bromobutyrophenone. This product was then dissolved in dichloromethane and added to an aqueous solution of methylamine (40%). HCl was then added. The aqueous layer was removed and made alkaline by using sodium bicarbonate. For the extraction of the amine ether was used. To get butylone a drop of ether and HCl solution was added. [6]
There are three major metabolic pathways of bk-MBDB as shown in the figure. As result of demethylenation followed by O-methylation bk-MBDB metabolises into 4-OH-3-MeO and 3-OH-4-MeO metabolites in human urine. The second pathway is a β-ketone reduction into β-ketone reduced metabolites. The third pathway is a N-dealkylation into N-dealkyl metabolites. The first two pathways occur more than pathway three. The most common metabolite is the 4-OH-3-MeO metabolite. The metabolites containing a hydroxyl-group would be excreted as their conjugates in urine. [7] [8]
Butylone has similar effects as phenethylamines like MDMA and MDBD. It causes an increase in the levels of extracellular serotonin and dopamine. Several studies with animals showed that injections with butylone cause hyperlocomotion. This hyperlocomotion is in direct relationship with the competitive inhibition of dopamine and serotonin uptake in synaptic cells, hereby causing an increase in extracellular levels of dopamine and serotonin. Moreover, butylone activates the 5-HT receptors, which are responsible for extracellular uptake of serotonin and dopamine. When a selective antagonist of the 5-HT receptors as sb-216 641 is added, the effect of butylone is reduced. Butylone is also known for his potency to bind to hDAT, the human dopamine transporter. Furthermore, butylone can bind to VMAT2, which is also known for is dopamine transport abilities. Last butylone has binding activity for the sigma1 receptor, which is responsible for calcium signaling. This is logic cause the calcium concentration has to be regulated for hyperlocomotion. Butylone effects the concentration of dopamine and serotonin, causing hyperlocomotion. Butylone primarily blocks the transporters of serotonin and dopamine and less functions as a substrate for the transporters. [9][10]
The compound butylone is significantly used as a recreational drug. Reports exist for a different number of methods to consume it,[11] and the risks associated with different routes of administration apply.
Butylone can be ingested orally, typically with a longer onset and overall duration.
Butylone can be insufflated, with a much quicker onset than oral ingestion.
Butylone can also be administered into the bloodstream directly via intravenous injection, with an instantaneous onset.
The effects of butylone have not been described in any scientific literature. Some drug forums report personal experiences with butylone. The experiences are similar to methylone and ethylone: euphoria, stimulation, mental sharpness and a warm safe feeling. However the doses planned to be used is exceeded most of the time, the effects last for 10–12 hours [12]
After the effects of this chemical compound disappear some side effects appear: headaches, loss of sleep, depression, and appetite. Not everyone will have all side effects and the side effects will vary per person.[11]
Butylone can cause acute toxicity to specific organs. Single exposure is sufficient for harmful effects. Exposure of butylone also results in skin and eye irritation. Moreover, butylone can cause damage to the respiratory system.[13] Butylone is stable under normal conditions.[14] Formation of toxic gases is possible during heating or in case of fire.
In the following table the half maximal inhibitory concentrations are shown for NET,DAT,SERT respectively norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin receptors.
In the following table the half maximal effective concentrations are shown for DAT and SERT, respectively dopamine and serotonin receptors.
Sveriges riksdag added butylone to schedule I ("substances, plant materials and fungi which normally do not have medical use") as narcotics in Sweden as of Feb 1, 2010, published by Medical Products Agency in their regulation LVFS 2010:1 listed as Butylon, 1-(1,3-bensodioxol-5-yl)-2-(metylamino)butan-1-on.[16]
Butylone is also a Schedule I substance under the Controlled Substances Act of the United States.
As of October 2015 Butylone is a controlled substance in China.[17]
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