Adenosine monophosphate (AMP), also known as 5'-adenylic acid, is a nucleotide that is used as a monomer in RNA. It is an ester of phosphoric acid and the nucleoside adenosine. AMP consists of a phosphate group, the sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine. As a substituent it takes the form of the prefix adenylyl-.
Production and degradation
AMP can be produced during ATP synthesis by the enzyme adenylate kinase by combining two ADP molecules:
-
2 ADP → ATP + AMP
Or AMP may be produced by the hydrolysis of one high energy phosphate bond of ADP:
-
ADP → AMP + Pi
AMP can also be formed by hydrolysis of ATP into AMP and pyrophosphate:
-
ATP → AMP + PPi
When RNA is broken down by living systems, nucleoside monophosphates, including adenosine monophosphate, are formed.
AMP can be regenerated to ATP as follows:
-
AMP + ATP → 2 ADP (adenylate kinase in the opposite direction)
-
ADP + Pi → ATP (this step is most often performed in aerobes by the ATP synthase during oxidative phosphorylation)
AMP can be converted into IMP by the enzyme myoadenylate deaminase, freeing an ammonia group.
In a catabolic pathway, adenosine monophosphate can be converted to uric acid, which is excreted from the body.
cAMP
AMP can also exist as a cyclic structure known as cyclic AMP (or cAMP). Within certain cells the enzyme adenylate cyclase makes cAMP from ATP, and typically this reaction is regulated by hormones such as adrenaline or glucagon. cAMP plays an important role in intracellular signaling.
See also
References
External links
-
GMD MS Spectrum
-
require('Module:No globals')
local function getCatForId( id )
local title = mw.title.getCurrentTitle()
local namespace = title.namespace
if namespace == 0 then
return ''
elseif namespace == 2 and not title.isSubpage then
return ''
else
return ''
end
end
local function viafLink( id )
if not string.match( id, '^%d+$' ) then
return false
end
return '.. id .. ' ' .. id .. '' .. getCatForId( 'VIAF' )
end
local function kulturnavLink( id )
return '.. id .. ' id'
end
local function sikartLink( id )
return '.. id .. '&lng=en ' .. id .. ''
end
local function tlsLink( id ) local id2 = mw.ustring.gsub(id, '%s', function(s) return mw.uri.encode(s, 'WIKI') end)
return '.. id2 .. ' ' .. id .. ''
end
local function ciniiLink( id )
return '.. id .. '?l=en ' .. id .. ''
end
local function bneLink( id )
return '.. id .. ' ' .. id .. ''
end
local function uscongressLink( id )
return '.. id .. ' ' .. id .. ''
end
local function narapersonLink( id )
return '.. id .. ' ' .. id .. ''
end
local function naraorganizationLink( id )
return '.. id .. ' ' .. id .. ''
end
local function botanistLink( id ) local id2 = mw.ustring.gsub(id, '%s', function(s) return mw.uri.encode(s, 'PATH') end)
return '.. id2 .. ' ' .. id .. ''
end
local function mgpLink( id )
-- TODO Implement some sanity checking regex
return '.. id .. ' ' .. id .. ''
end
local function rslLink( id )
-- TODO Implement some sanity checking regex
return '.. id .. '&CON_LNG=ENG ' .. id .. ''
end
local function leonoreLink( id ) -- Identifiants allant de LH/1/1 à LH/2794/54 (légionnaires) -- Identifiants allant de C/0/1 à C/0/84 (84 légionnaires célèbres) -- Identifiants allant de 19800035/1/1 à 19800035/385/51670 (légionnaires décédés entre 1954 et 1977, et quelques dossiers de légionnaires décédés avant 1954)
if not string.match( id, '^LH/%d%d?%d?%d?/%d%d?%d?$' ) and
not string.match( id, '^C/0/%d%d?$' ) and
not string.match( id, '^19800035/%d%d?%d?%d?/%d%d?%d?%d?%d?$' ) then
return false
end
return '.. id .. ' ' .. id .. ''
end
local function sbnLink( id )
if not string.match( id, '^IT\\ICCU\\%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d$' ) and not string.match( id, '^IT\\ICCU\\%u%u[%d%u]%u\\%d%d%d%d%d%d$' ) then
return false
end
return '.. id .. ' ' .. id .. '' .. getCatForId( 'SBN' )
end
local function nkcLink( id ) return '.. id .. '&CON_LNG=ENG ' .. id .. '' end
local function nclLink( id )
if not string.match( id, '^%d+$' ) then
return false
end
return '.. id .. '&CON_LNG=ENG ' .. id .. ''
end
local function ndlLink( id ) return '.. id .. ' ' .. id .. '' end
local function sudocLink( id )
if not string.match( id, '^%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d[%dxX]$' ) then
return false
end
return '.. id .. ' ' .. id .. ''
end
local function hlsLink( id )
if not string.match( id, '^%d+$' ) then
return false
end
return '.. id .. '.php ' .. id .. ''
end
local function lirLink( id )
if not string.match( id, '^%d+$' ) then
return false
end
return '.. id .. '.450.0.html ' .. id .. ''
end
local function splitLccn( id )
if id:match( '^%l%l?%l?%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d?%d?$' ) then
id = id:gsub( '^(%l+)(%d+)(%d%d%d%d%d%d)$', '%1/%2/%3' )
end
if id:match( '^%l%l?%l?/%d%d%d?%d?/%d+$' ) then
return mw.text.split( id, '/' )
end
return false
end
local function append(str, c, length)
while str:len() < length do
str = c .. str
end
return str
end
local function lccnLink( id )
local parts = splitLccn( id )
if not parts then
return false
end
local lccnType = parts[1] ~= 'sh' and 'names' or 'subjects'
id = parts[1] .. parts[2] .. append( parts[3], '0', 6 )
return '.. lccnType .. '/' .. id .. ' ' .. id .. '' .. getCatForId( 'LCCN' )
end
local function mbLink( id )
-- TODO Implement some sanity checking regex
return '.. id .. ' ' .. id .. '' .. getCatForId( 'MusicBrainz' )
end
--Returns the ISNI check digit isni must be a string where the 15 first elements are digits local function getIsniCheckDigit( isni )
local total = 0
for i = 1, 15 do
local digit = isni:byte( i ) - 48 --Get integer value
total = (total + digit) * 2
end
local remainder = total % 11
local result = (12 - remainder) % 11
if result == 10 then
return "X"
end
return tostring( result )
end
--Validate ISNI (and ORCID) and retuns it as a 16 characters string or returns false if it's invalid --See http://support.orcid.org/knowledgebase/articles/116780-structure-of-the-orcid-identifier local function validateIsni( id )
id = id:gsub( '[ %-]', ):upper()
if not id:match( '^%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d[%dX]$' ) then
return false
end
if getIsniCheckDigit( id ) ~= string.char( id:byte( 16 ) ) then
return false
end
return id
end
local function isniLink( id )
id = validateIsni( id )
if not id then
return false
end
return '.. id .. ' ' .. id:sub( 1, 4 ) .. ' ' .. id:sub( 5, 8 ) .. ' ' .. id:sub( 9, 12 ) .. ' ' .. id:sub( 13, 16 ) .. '' .. getCatForId( 'ISNI' )
end
local function orcidLink( id )
id = validateIsni( id )
if not id then
return false
end
id = id:sub( 1, 4 ) .. '-' .. id:sub( 5, 8 ) .. '-' .. id:sub( 9, 12 ) .. '-' .. id:sub( 13, 16 )
return '.. id .. ' ' .. id .. '' .. getCatForId( 'ORCID' )
end
local function gndLink( id )
return '.. id .. ' ' .. id .. '' .. getCatForId( 'GND' )
end
local function selibrLink( id ) if not string.match( id, '^%d+$' ) then
return false
end
return '.. id .. ' ' .. id .. '' .. getCatForId( 'SELIBR' )
end
local function bnfLink( id )
--Add cb prefix if it has been removed
if not string.match( id, '^cb.+$' ) then
id = 'cb' .. id
end
return '.. id .. ' ' .. id .. ' .. id .. ' (data)' .. getCatForId( 'BNF' )
end
local function bpnLink( id )
if not string.match( id, '^%d+$' ) then
return false
end
return '.. id .. ' ' .. id .. '' .. getCatForId( 'BPN' )
end
local function ridLink( id )
return '.. id .. ' ' .. id .. '' .. getCatForId( 'RID' )
end
local function bibsysLink( id )
return '.. id .. '&feltselect=bs.autid ' .. id .. '' .. getCatForId( 'BIBSYS' )
end
local function ulanLink( id )
return '.. id .. ' ' .. id .. '' .. getCatForId( 'ULAN' )
end
local function nlaLink( id ) return '.. id .. ' ' .. id .. '' .. getCatForId( 'NLA' ) end
local function rkdartistsLink( id ) return '.. id .. ' ' .. id .. '' .. getCatForId( 'RKDartists' ) end
local function getIdsFromWikidata( item, property )
local ids = {}
if not item.claims[property] then
return ids
end
for _, statement in pairs( item.claims[property] ) do
if statement.mainsnak.datavalue then
table.insert( ids, statement.mainsnak.datavalue.value )
end
end
return ids
end
local function matchesWikidataRequirements( item, reqs )
for _, group in pairs( reqs ) do
local property = 'p' .. group[1]
local qid = group[2]
if item.claims[property] ~= nil then
for _, statement in pairs ( item.claims[property] ) do
if statement.mainsnak.datavalue ~= nil then
if statement.mainsnak.datavalue.value['numeric-id'] == qid then
return true
end
end
end
end
end
return false
end
local function createRow( id, label, rawValue, link, withUid )
if link then
if withUid then
return '* ' .. label .. ' ' .. link .. '\n'
else
return '* ' .. label .. ' ' .. link .. '\n'
end
else
return '* \n'
end
end
--In this order: name of the parameter, label, propertyId in Wikidata, formatting function local conf = {
{ 'VIAF', 'VIAF', 214, viafLink },
{ 'LCCN', 'LCCN', 244, lccnLink },
{ 'ISNI', 'ISNI', 213, isniLink },
{ 'ORCID', 'ORCID', 496, orcidLink },
{ 'GND', 'GND', 227, gndLink },
{ 'SELIBR', 'SELIBR', 906, selibrLink },
{ 'SUDOC', 'SUDOC', 269, sudocLink },
{ 'BNF', 'BNF', 268, bnfLink },
{ 'BPN', 'BPN', 651, bpnLink },
{ 'RID', 'ResearcherID', 1053, ridLink },
{ 'BIBSYS', 'BIBSYS', 1015, bibsysLink },
{ 'ULAN', 'ULAN', 245, ulanLink },
{ 'HDS', 'HDS', 902, hlsLink },
{ 'LIR', 'LIR', 886, lirLink },
{ 'MBA', 'MusicBrainz', 434, mbLink },
{ 'MGP', 'MGP', 549, mgpLink },
{ 'NLA', 'NLA', 409, nlaLink },
{ 'NDL', 'NDL', 349, ndlLink },
{ 'NCL', 'NCL', 1048, nclLink },
{ 'NKC', 'NKC', 691, nkcLink },
{ 'Léonore', 'Léonore', 640, leonoreLink },
{ 'SBN', 'ICCU', 396, sbnLink },
{ 'RLS', 'RLS', 947, rslLink },
{ 'Botanist', '[[Author ci
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