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The Hindi languages, also known as the Madhya languages and the Central Zone of the Indo-Aryan languages, is a dialect continuum of the Hindi zone spoken across northern India that descend from the Madhya Prakrits, and includes the official languages of India and Pakistan, Hindi and Urdu. The coherence of this group depends on the classification being used; here we will consider only Eastern and Western Hindi.
If there can be considered a consensus within the dialectology of Hindi proper, it is that it can be split into two sets of dialects: Western and Eastern Hindi.[3] Western Hindi evolved from the Apabhramsa form of Shauraseni Prakrit, Eastern Hindi from Ardhamagadhi.[4]
Romani and Domari appear to be Central Zone languages that migrated to the Middle East and Europe ca. 500–1000 CE. Parya is a Central Zone language of Central Asia.
To Western Hindi Ethnologue 16 adds Sansi, Chamari, Bhaya (= Malvi?), Gowli (= Gowlan?), and Ghera[8] (a Pakistani enclave of an unidentified Indian language). Sansi is particularly close to Hindustani, but it's not clear the others are actually Central Zone.
This analysis excludes varieties sometimes claimed for Hindi for cultural reasons, such as Bihari, Rajasthani, and Pahari.[9]
Note: There is a slight difference between Urdu spoken in Hyderabad city (and a few surrounding districts) and the Urdu spoken in the other regions of the erstwhile Hyderabad State.
The standard educated Delhi Hindustani pronunciations [ɛː, ɔː] commonly have diphthongal realizations, ranging from [əɪ] to [ɑɪ] and from [əu] to [ɑu], respectively, in Eastern Hindi varieties and many non-standard Western varieties.[10] There are also vowel clusters /əiː/ and /əuː/.
... For new terms it can draw at will upon the Persian, Arabic, Turkish and Sanskrit dictionaries ...
... it would be very unwise to restrict it to a vocabulary mainly dependent upon Sanskrit, or mainly dependent upon Persian. If a language is to be strong and virile it must draw on both sources, just as English has drawn on Latin and Teutonic sources ...
Persian language, Pakistan, Bihar, Hindi, Arabic language
Delhi, Lucknow, Uttarakhand, Varanasi, Hindi
Delhi, Chandigarh, Rajasthan, Gurgaon, Faridabad
India, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Canada, Australia
Odia language, Gujarati language, Nepali language, Pali, Marathi language
Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Devanagari, Urdu
Delhi, Krishna, Hindi, Yoga, Indian literature
Urdu, Bihari languages, Hindustani language, Kava, Uttar Pradesh
India, Indo-Iranian languages, Indo-Aryan languages, Hindi languages, Madhya Pradesh
Chhattisgarh, Devanagari, India, Jharkhand, Odisha