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Isobutanol (isomers include n-butanol, 2-butanol, and tert-butanol, all of which are important industrially.
Isobutanol is produced by the carbonylation of propylene. Two methods are practiced industrially, hydroformylation is more common and generates a mixture of isobutyraldehydes, which are hydrogenated to the alcohols and then separated. Reppe carbonylation is also practiced.[5]
Isobutanol is also produced naturally during the fermentation of carbohydrates and may also be a byproduct of the decay process of organic matter.[6] The Categories Chemical pages without DrugBank identifier Chemical articles with unknown parameter in Chembox Chemboxes which contain changes to watched fields Commons category without a link on Wikidata Alcohol solvents Primary alcohols GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators Sedatives Hypnotics Alkanols GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators Alcohols Brometone Butanol Chloralodol Chlorobutanol (cloretone) Ethanol (drinking alcohol) Ethchlorvynol Isobutanol Isopropanol Menthol Methanol Methylpentynol Pentanol Petrichloral Propanol tert-Butanol (2M2P) tert-Pentanol (2M2B) Tribromoethanol Trichloroethanol Triclofos Trifluoroethanol Barbiturates (-)-DMBB Allobarbital Alphenal Amobarbital Aprobarbital Barbexaclone Barbital Benzobarbital Benzylbutylbarbiturate Brallobarbital Brophebarbital Butabarbital/Secbutabarbital Butalbital Buthalital Butobarbital Butallylonal Carbubarb CP-1414S Crotylbarbital Cyclobarbital Cyclopentobarbital Difebarbamate Enallylpropymal Ethallobarbital Eterobarb Febarbamate Heptabarb Heptobarbital Hexethal Hexobarbital Metharbital Methitural Methohexital Methylphenobarbital Narcobarbital Nealbarbital Pentobarbital Phenallymal Phenobarbital Phetharbital Primidone Probarbital Propallylonal Propylbarbital Proxibarbital Reposal Secobarbital Sigmodal Spirobarbital Talbutal Tetrabamate Tetrabarbital Thialbarbital Thiamylal Thiobarbital Thiobutabarbital Thiopental Thiotetrabarbital Valofane Vinbarbital Vinylbital Benzodiazepines 2-Oxoquazepam 3-Hydroxyphenazepam Adinazolam Alprazolam Arfendazam Avizafone Bentazepam Bretazenil Bromazepam Brotizolam Camazepam Carburazepam Chlordiazepoxide Ciclotizolam Cinazepam Cinolazepam Clazolam Climazolam Clobazam Clonazepam Clonazolam Clorazepate Clotiazepam Cloxazolam Cyprazepam Delorazepam Demoxepam Diazepam Diclazepam Doxefazepam Elfazepam Estazolam Ethyl carfluzepate Ethyl dirazepate Ethyl loflazepate Etizolam EVT-201 FG-8205 Fletazepam Flubromazepam Flubromazolam Fludiazepam Flunitrazepam Flurazepam Flutazolam Flutemazepam Flutoprazepam Fosazepam Gidazepam Halazepam Haloxazolam Iclazepam Imidazenil Ketazolam Lofendazam Lopirazepam Loprazolam Lorazepam Lormetazepam Meclonazepam Medazepam Menitrazepam Metaclazepam Mexazolam Midazolam Motrazepam N-Desalkylflurazepam Nifoxipam Nimetazepam Nitrazepam Nitrazepate Nordazepam Nortetrazepam Oxazepam Oxazolam Phenazepam Pinazepam Pivoxazepam Prazepam Premazepam Proflazepam Pyrazolam QH-II-66 Quazepam Reclazepam Remimazolam Rilmazafone Ripazepam Ro48-6791 Ro48-8684 SH-053-R-CH3-2′F Sulazepam Temazepam Tetrazepam Tolufazepam Triazolam Triflubazam Triflunordazepam (Ro5-2904) Tuclazepam Uldazepam Zapizolam Zolazepam Zomebazam Carbamates Carisbamate Carisoprodol Clocental Cyclarbamate Difebarbamate Emylcamate Ethinamate Febarbamate Felbamate Hexapropymate Lorbamate Mebutamate Meprobamate Nisobamate Pentabamate Phenprobamate Procymate Styramate Tetrabamate Tybamate Flavonoids 6-Methylapigenin Ampelopsin (dihydromyricetin) Apigenin Baicalein Baicalin Catechin EGC EGCG Hispidulin Linarin Luteolin Rc-OMe Skullcap constituents (e.g., baicalin) Wogonin Imidazoles Etomidate Metomidate Propoxate Kava constituents 10-Methoxyyangonin 11-Methoxyyangonin 11-Hydroxyyangonin Desmethoxyyangonin 11-Methoxy-12-hydroxydehydrokavain 7,8-Dihydroyangonin Kavain 5-Hydroxykavain 5,6-Dihydroyangonin 7,8-Dihydrokavain 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydroyangonin 5,6-Dehydromethysticin Methysticin 7,8-Dihydromethysticin Yangonin Monoureides Acecarbromal Apronal (apronalide) Bromisoval Carbromal Capuride Ectylurea Neuroactive steroids Acebrochol Allopregnanolone Alfadolone Alfaxalone 3α-Androstanediol Androstenol Androsterone Cholesterol DHDOC 3α-DHP 5α-DHP 5β-DHP Etiocholanolone Ganaxolone Hydroxydione Minaxolone Org 20599 Org 21465 Pregnanolone (eltanolone) Progesterone Renanolone SAGE-217 SAGE-689 THDOC Nonbenzodiazepines β-Carbolines: Abecarnil Gedocarnil Harmane SL-651,498 ZK-93423; Cyclopyrrolones: Eszopiclone Pagoclone Pazinaclone Suproclone Suriclone Zopiclone; Imidazopyridines: Alpidem DS-1 Necopidem Saripidem Zolpidem; Pyrazolopyrimidines: Divaplon Fasiplon Indiplon Lorediplon Ocinaplon Panadiplon Taniplon Zaleplon; Others: Adipiplon CGS-8216 CGS-9896 CGS-13767 CGS-20625 CL-218,872 CP-615,003 CTP-354 ELB-139 GBLD-345 JM-1232 L-838,417 Lirequinil (Ro41-3696) NS-2664 NS-2710 NS-11394 Pipequaline ROD-188 RWJ-51204 SB-205,384 SX-3228 TP-003 TPA-023 TP-13 U-89843A U-90042 Y-23684 Phenols Fospropofol Propofol Thymol Piperidinediones Glutethimide Methyprylon Piperidione Pyrithyldione Pyrazolopyridines Cartazolate Etazolate ICI-190,622 Tracazolate Quinazolinones Afloqualone Cloroqualone Diproqualone Etaqualone Mebroqualone Mecloqualone Methaqualone Methylmethaqualone Nitromethaqualone SL-164 Volatiles/gases Acetone Acetophenone Acetylglycinamide chloral hydrate Aliflurane Benzene Butane Butylene Centalun Chloral Chloral betaine Chloral hydrate Chloroform Cryofluorane Desflurane Dichloralphenazone Dichloromethane Diethyl ether Enflurane Ethyl chloride Ethylene Fluroxene Gasoline Halopropane Halothane Isoflurane Kerosine Methoxyflurane Methoxypropane Nitric oxide Nitrogen Nitrous oxide Norflurane Paraldehyde Propane Propylene Roflurane Sevoflurane Synthane Teflurane Toluene Trichloroethane (methyl chloroform) Trichloroethylene Vinyl ether Others/unsorted 3-Hydroxybutanal α-EMTBL AA-29504 Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin) Bromide compounds (e.g., lithium bromide, potassium bromide, sodium bromide) Carbamazepine Chloralose Chlormezanone Clomethiazole DEABL Dihydroergolines (e.g., dihydroergocryptine, dihydroergosine, dihydroergotamine, ergoloid (dihydroergotoxine)) DS2 Efavirenz Etazepine Etifoxine Fenamates (e.g., flufenamic acid, mefenamic acid, niflumic acid, tolfenamic acid) Fluoxetine Flupirtine Hopantenic acid Lanthanum Lignans (e.g., 4-O-methylhonokiol, honokiol, magnolol, obovatol) Loreclezole Menthyl isovalerate (validolum) Monastrol Niacin Nicotinamide (niacinamide) Org 25,435 Phenytoin Propanidid Retigabine (ezogabine) Safranal SAGE-547 Seproxetine Stiripentol Sulfonylalkanes (e.g., sulfonmethane (sulfonal), tetronal, trional) Terpenoids (e.g., borneol) Topiramate Valerian constituents (e.g., isovaleric acid, isovaleramide, valerenic acid, valerenol) Unsorted benzodiazepine site PAMs: MRK-409 (MK-0343) TCS-1105 TCS-1205 See also: Hypnotics/sedatives (N05C) GABAA Alcohols 2M2B Chloralodol Ethanol Alcohol Ethchlorvynol Methylpentynol Trichloroethanol Barbiturates Allobarbital Amobarbital Aprobarbital Barbital Butabarbital Butobarbital Cyclobarbital Ethallobarbital Heptabarb Hexobarbital Mephobarbital Methohexital Pentobarbital Phenallymal Phenobarbital Propylbarbital Proxibarbal Reposal Secobarbital Talbutal Thiamylal Thiopental Vinbarbital Vinylbital Benzodiazepines Brotizolam Cinolazepam Climazolam Doxefazepam Estazolam Flunitrazepam Flurazepam Flutoprazepam Haloxazolam Loprazolam Lormetazepam Midazolam Nimetazepam Nitrazepam Quazepam Temazepam Triazolam Carbamates Carisoprodol Emylcamate Ethinamate Hexapropymate Meprobamate Methocarbamol Phenprobamate Procymate Tybamate Imidazoles Etomidate Metomidate Propoxate Monoureides Acecarbromal Apronal (apronalide) Bromisoval Capuride Carbromal Ectylurea Neuroactive steroids Acebrochol Allopregnanolone Alphadolone Alphaxolone Eltanolone Hydroxydione Minaxolone Progesterone Nonbenzodiazepines Eszopiclone Indiplon Lirequinil Necopidem Pazinaclone Saripidem Suproclone Suriclone Zaleplon Zolpidem Zopiclone Phenols Fospropofol Propofol Piperidinediones Glutethimide Methyprylon Pyrithyldione Piperidione Quinazolinones Afloqualone Cloroqualone Diproqualone Etaqualone Mebroqualone Mecloqualone Methaqualone Methylmethaqualone Nitromethaqualone Volatiles/gases Acetophenone Acetylglycinamide chloral hydrate Centalun Chloral betaine Chloral hydrate Paraldehyde Others Bromide compounds Lithium bromide Potassium bromide Sodium bromide Chloralose Clomethiazole Dichloralphenazone Gaboxadol Loreclezole Kava constituents Kavalactones Petrichloral Sulfonylalkanes Sulfonmethane (sulfonal) Tetronal Trional Triclofos Valerian constituents Isovaleramide Isovaleric acid Valerenic acid GABAB 1,4-Butanediol Aceburic acid Baclofen GABOB GHB (sodium oxybate) GBL GVL Phenibut H1 Antihistamines Captodiame Cyproheptadine Diphenhydramine Doxylamine Hydroxyzine Methapyrilene Pheniramine Promethazine Propiomazine Antidepressants Tricyclic antidepressants Amitriptyline Doxepin Trimipramine, etc. Tetracyclic antidepressants Mianserin Mirtazapine, etc. Antipsychotics Typical antipsychotics Chlorpromazine Thioridazine, etc. Atypical antipsychotics Olanzapine Quetiapine Risperidone, etc. α2-Adrenergic Clonidine Detomidine Dexmedetomidine Lofexidine Medetomidine Romifidine Tizanidine Xylazine 5-HT2A Antidepressants Trazodone Tricyclic antidepressants Amitriptyline Doxepin Trimipramine, etc. Tetracyclic antidepressants Mianserin Mirtazapine, etc. Antipsychotics Typical antipsychotics Chlorpromazine Thioridazine, etc. Atypical antipsychotics Olanzapine Quetiapine Risperidone, etc. Others Niaprazine Melatonin Agomelatine Melatonin Ramelteon Tasimelteon Orexin Almorexant Filorexant Suvorexant Others Cannabidiol Cannabis Chlorophenylalkyldiols Fenpentadiol Metaglycodol Phenaglycodol Diethylpropanediol Evoxine Fenadiazole Gabapentinoids Gabapentin Gabapentin enacarbil Phenibut Pregabalin Guaifenesin-related muscle relaxants Chlorphenesin Mephenesin Mephenoxalone Metaxalone Methocarbamol Niaprazine Opioids Oxycodone Morphine Embutramide Passion flower Scopolamine Trazodone UMB68 Valnoctamide Index of psychology and psychiatry Description Disorders Developmental Emotional and behavioral disorders Treatment Drugs Alcohols Straight-chain primary alcohols (1°) Methanol (C 1) Ethanol (C 2) 1-Propanol (C 3) n-Butanol (C 4) 1-Pentanol (C 5) 1-Hexanol (C 6) 1-Heptanol (C 7) 1-Octanol (C 8) 1-Nonanol (C 9) 1-Decanol (C 10) Undecanol (C 11) Dodecanol (C 12) Tridecan-1-ol (C 13) 1-Tetradecanol (C 14) Pentadecan-1-ol (C 15) Cetyl alcohol (C 16) Heptadecan-1-ol (C 17) Stearyl alcohol (C 18) Nonadecan-1-ol (C 19) Arachidyl alcohol (C 20) Heneicosan-1-ol (C 21) Docosanol (C 22) Tricosan-1-ol (C 23) 1-Tetracosanol (C 24) Pentacosan-1-ol (C 25) 1-Hexacosanol (C 26) 1-Heptacosanol (C 27) 1-Octacosanol (C 28) 1-Nonacosanol (C 29) Triacontanol (C 30) Other primary alcohols Isobutanol (C 4) Isoamyl alcohol (C 5) 2-Methyl-1-butanol (C 5) Phenethyl alcohol (C 8) Tryptophol (C 10) Secondary alcohols (2°) Isopropanol (C 3) 2-Butanol (C 4) 2-Pentanol (C 5) 2-Hexanol (C 6) 2-Heptanol (C 7) Cyclohexanol (C 6) Tertiary alcohols (3°) tert-Butyl alcohol (C 4) tert-Amyl alcohol (C 5) 2-Methyl-2-pentanol (C 6) 2-Methylhexan-2-ol (C 7) 2-Methylheptan-2-ol (C 8) 3-Methyl-3-pentanol (C 6) 3-Methyloctan-3-ol (C 9)
In March 2009, the Canadian government announced a ban on isobutanol use in cosmetics.[21]
Isobutanol is one of the least toxic of the butanols with an LD50 of 2460 mg/kg (rat, oral).
Isobutanol's properties make it an attractive biofuel:[7]
Isobutanol can be used as a biofuel substitute for gasoline in the current petroleum infrastructure. Isobutanol has not yet been put into mainstream use as a biofuel and would serve as a replacement for ethanol. Ethanol is a first generation biofuel, and is used primarily as a gasoline additive in the petroleum infrastructure. Isobutanol is a second generation biofuel with several qualities that resolve issues presented by ethanol.[7]
Isobutanol has a variety of technical and industrial applications:
This method of isobutanol production offers a way to chemically store energy produced from sustainable sources.[18]
Ralstonia eutropha is a gram-negative soil bacterium of the betaproteobacteria class. Ralstonia eutropha is capable of converting electrical energy into isobutanol. This conversion is completed in several steps:
Overexpression of the enzymes in the valine biosynthetic pathway of S. cerevisiae has been used to improve isobutanol yields.[15][16][17] S. cerevisiae, however, has proved difficult to work with because of its inherent biology:
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, or S. cerevisiae is a species of yeast. S. cerevisiae naturally produces isobutanol in small quantities via its valine biosynthetic pathway.[15] S. cerevisiae is an ideal candidate for isobutanol biofuel production for several reasons:
Bacillus subtilis is a gram-positive rod-shaped bacteria. Bacillus subtilis offers many of the same advantages and disadvantages of E. coli, but it is less prominently used and does not produce isobutanol in quantities as large as E. coli.[7] Similar to E. coli, Bacillus subtilis is capable of producing isobutanol from lignocellulose, and is easily manipulated by common genetic techniques.[7] Elementary mode analysis has also been used to improve the isobutanol-synthesis metabolic pathway used by Bacillus subtilis, leading to higher yields of isobutanol being produced.[14]
The primary drawback of E. coli is that it is susceptible to bacteriophages when being grown. This susceptibility could potentially shut down entire bioreactors.[7]
is an ideal isobutanol bio-synthesizer for several reasons: E. coli [12] so that larger quantities of isobutanol may be produced.E. coli of metabolic efficiency have been used to improve the elementary mode analysis Methods such as [7]
The primary drawbacks of Cyanobacteria are:
Cyanobacteria, are a phylum of photosynthetic bacteria.[8] Cyanobacteria are suited for isobutanol biosynthesis when genetically engineered to produce isobutanol. Isobutanol producing species of cyanobacteria offer several advantages as biofuel synthesizers:
The organisms being pursued as commercial isobutanol producers are listed below: [7]
Fiji, Vanuatu, Samoa, Micronesia, Realm of New Zealand
Ethanol, Hydrogen, Glucose, Antimony, Sodium
Alcohol, Kava, Xenon, Cocaine, Morphine
Sociology, Social psychology, Memory, Experimental psychology, Psychology
Medicine, Schizophrenia, Psychology, Psychotherapy, Neuroimaging
Kava, Alcohol, Ethanol, Carbon, Hydrogen
Alcohol, Kava, 1-Pentanol, Ethanol, Nitrogen
Ethanol, Beer, Potassium, Alcohol, Biochemistry
Alcohol, Kava, Ethanol, Psychology, Psychiatry
Kava, Alcohol, Ethanol, Psychology, Psychiatry