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An ore is a type of rock that contains sufficient minerals with important elements including metals that can be economically extracted from the rock.[1] The ores are extracted through mining; these are then refined (often via smelting) to extract the valuable element(s).
The grade or concentration of an ore mineral, or metal, as well as its form of occurrence, will directly affect the costs associated with mining the ore. The cost of extraction must thus be weighed against the metal value contained in the rock to determine what ore can be processed and what ore is of too low a grade to be worth mining. Metal ores are generally oxides, sulfides, silicates, or "native" metals (such as native copper) that are not commonly concentrated in the Earth's crust, or "noble" metals (not usually forming compounds) such as gold. The ores must be processed to extract the metals of interest from the waste rock and from the ore minerals. Ore bodies are formed by a variety of geological processes. The process of ore formation is called ore genesis.
An ore deposit is an accumulation of ore. Now this is distinct from a mineral resource as defined by the mineral resource classification criteria. An ore deposit is one occurrence of a particular ore type. Most ore deposits are named according to either their location (for example, the Witswatersrand, South Africa), or after a discoverer (e.g. the kambalda nickel shoots are named after drillers), or after some whimsy, a historical figure, a prominent person, something from mythology (phoenix, kraken, serepentleopard, etc.) or the code name of the resource company which found it (e.g. MKD-5 is the in-house name for the Mount Keith nickel ).
Ore deposits are classified according to various criteria developed via the study of economic geology, or ore genesis. The classifications below are typical.
The basic extraction of ore deposits follows these steps:
Ores (metals) are traded internationally and comprise a sizeable portion of international trade in raw materials both in value and volume. This is because the worldwide distribution of ores is unequal and dislocated from locations of peak demand and from smelting infrastructure.
Most base metals (copper, lead, zinc, nickel) are traded internationally on the London Metal Exchange, with smaller stockpiles and metals exchanges monitored by the COMEX and NYMEX exchanges in the United States and the Shanghai Futures Exchange in China.
Iron ore is traded between customer and producer, though various benchmark prices are set quarterly between the major mining conglomerates and the major consumers, and this sets the stage for smaller participants.
Other, lesser, commodities do not have international clearing houses and benchmark prices, with most prices negotiated between suppliers and customers one-on-one. This generally makes determining the price of ores of this nature opaque and difficult. Such metals include lithium, niobium-tantalum, bismuth, antimony and rare earths. Most of these commodities are also dominated by one or two major suppliers with >60% of the world's reserves. The London Metal Exchange aims to add uranium to its list of metals on warrant.
The World Bank reports that China was the top importer of ores and metals in 2005 followed by the USA and Japan.
Earth-Science Reviews, Volume 100, Issue 1-4, June 2010, Pages 1-420The “chessboard” classification scheme of mineral deposits: Mineralogy and geology from aluminum to zirconium,DILL, H.G. (2010)
Gold, Silver, Aluminium, Nickel, Zinc
Gold, Copper, Palladium, Cadmium, Tin
International Standard Serial Number, Brill's New Pauly, John Peter Oleson
Bismuth, Tin, Xenon, Copper, Zinc
Gold, Lead, Molybdenum, Copper, Carbon
Öre, Guilder, Danish krone, Faroese króna, Twenty-five øre (Danish coin)
Copper, Lead, Zinc, Ore, Niobium
Copper, Ore, Uranium, Niobium, Tantalum
Copper, Ancient Egypt, Lead, Germany, South Africa
Copper, Aluminium, Ore, Australia, Vietnam