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# Probability mass function

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### Probability mass function

The graph of a probability mass function. All the values of this function must be non-negative and sum up to 1.

In probability theory and statistics, a probability mass function (pmf) is a function that gives the probability that a discrete random variable is exactly equal to some value.[1] The probability mass function is often the primary means of defining a discrete probability distribution, and such functions exist for either scalar or multivariate random variables whose domain is discrete.

A probability mass function differs from a probability density function (pdf) in that the latter is associated with continuous rather than discrete random variables; the values of the latter are not probabilities as such: a pdf must be integrated over an interval to yield a probability.[2]

## Contents

• Formal definition 1
• Measure theoretic formulation 2
• Examples 3
• References 4

## Formal definition

The probability mass function of a fair die. All the numbers on the die have an equal chance of appearing on top when the die stops rolling.

Suppose that X: SA (A \subseteq R) is a discrete random variable defined on a sample space S. Then the probability mass function fX: A → [0, 1] for X is defined as[3][4]

f_X(x) = \Pr(X = x) = \Pr(\{s \in S: X(s) = x\}).

Thinking of probability as mass helps to avoid mistakes since the physical mass is conserved as is the total probability for all hypothetical outcomes x:

\sum_{x\in A} f_X(x) = 1

When there is a natural order among the hypotheses x, it may be convenient to assign numerical values to them (or n-tuples in case of a discrete multivariate random variable) and to consider also values not in the image of X. That is, fX may be defined for all real numbers and fX(x) = 0 for all x \notin X(S) as shown in the figure.

Since the image of X is countable, the probability mass function fX(x) is zero for all but a countable number of values of x. The discontinuity of probability mass functions is related to the fact that the cumulative distribution function of a discrete random variable is also discontinuous. Where it is differentiable, the derivative is zero, just as the probability mass function is zero at all such points.

## Measure theoretic formulation

A probability mass function of a discrete random variable X can be seen as a special case of two more general measure theoretic constructions: the distribution of X and the probability density function of X with respect to the counting measure. We make this more precise below.

Suppose that (A, \mathcal A, P) is a probability space and that (B, \mathcal B) is a measurable space whose underlying σ-algebra is discrete, so in particular contains singleton sets of B. In this setting, a random variable X \colon A \to B is discrete provided its image is a countable set. The pushforward measure X_*(P)---called a distribution of X in this context---is a probability measure on B whose restriction to singleton sets induces a probability mass function f_X \colon B \to \mathbb R since f_X(b)=P(X^{-1}(b))=[X_*(P)](\{b\}) for each b in B.

Now suppose that (B, \mathcal B, \mu) is a measure space equipped with the counting measure μ. The probability density function f of X with respect to the counting measure, if it exists, is the Radon-Nikodym derivative of the pushforward measure of X (with respect to the counting measure), so f = d X_*P / d \mu and f is a function from B to the non-negative reals. As a consequence, for any b in B we have

P(X=b)=P(X^{-1}( \{ b \} )) := \int_{X^{-1}(\{b \})} dP =\int_{ \{b \}} f d \mu = f(b),

demonstrating that f is in fact a probability mass function.

## Examples

Suppose that S is the sample space of all outcomes of a single toss of a fair coin, and X is the random variable defined on S assigning 0 to "tails" and 1 to "heads". Since the coin is fair, the probability mass function is

f_X(x) = \begin{cases}\frac{1}{2}, &x \in \{0, 1\},\\0, &x \notin \{0, 1\}.\end{cases}

This is a special case of the binomial distribution, the Bernoulli distribution.

An example of a multivariate discrete distribution, and of its probability mass function, is provided by the multinomial distribution.

## References

1. ^ Stewart, William J. (2011). Probability, Markov Chains, Queues, and Simulation: The Mathematical Basis of Performance Modeling. Princeton University Press. p. 105.
2. ^ Probability Function at Mathworld
3. ^ Kumar, Dinesh (2006). Reliability & Six Sigma. Birkhäuser. p. 22.
4. ^ Rao, S.S. (1996). Engineering optimization: theory and practice. John Wiley & Sons. p. 717.