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The first American occupation of the Dominican Republic lasted from 1916 to 1924. It was one of the many interventions in Latin America undertaken by the military forces of the United States. On May 13, 1916,[1] Rear Admiral William B. Caperton forced the Dominican Republic's Secretary of War Desiderio Arias, who had seized power from Juan Isidro Jimenes Pereyra, to leave Santo Domingo by threatening the city with naval bombardment.[1]
The occupation began gradually. The first landing took place on May 5, 1916 when "two companies of marines landed from the U.S.S. Prairie at Santo Domingo."[2] Their goal was to offer protection to the U.S. Legation and the U.S. Consulate, and to occupy the Fort San Geronimo. Within hours, these companies were reinforced with "seven additional companies."[3] On May 6, forces from the U.S.S. Castine landed to offer protection to the Haitian Legation, a country under similar military occupation from the U.S. Two days after the first landing, constitutional President, Juan Isidro Jimenes resigned.[4]
Admiral Caperton's forces occupied Santo Domingo on May 15, 1916, Puerto Plata on June 1, and Monte Cristi on June 1, and enforced a blockade.[5]:247-252 Two days after the Battle of Guayacanas on July 3, American forces occupied Arias' stonghold at Santiago, with Arias accepting defeat, amnesty and a pardon from Caperton.[5]:253-263
Three days after Arias left the country,[1]
USS Memphis wrecked at Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, where she was thrown ashore by tidal waves on the afternoon of August 29, 1916.
The Dominican Campaign Medal was an authorized U.S. service medal for those military members who had participated in the conflict.
Despite the withdrawal, there were still concerns regarding the collection and application of the country's custom revenues. To address this problem, representatives of the United States and the Dominican Republic governments met at a convention and signed a treaty, on December 27, 1924, which gave the United States control over the country's custom revenues.[8] In 1941, the treaty was officially repealed and control over the country's custom revenues was again returned to the government of the Dominican Republic .[8] However this treaty created lasting resentment of the United States among the people of the Dominican Republic.[9]
[1] With his inauguration on July 13, control of the republic returned to Dominican hands.[1] In the presidential election of March 15, 1924, Horacio Vásquez Lajara, an American ally who cooperated with the United States government, handily defeated Peynado. Vásquez's Alliance Party (Partido Alianza) also won a comfortable majority in both houses of Congress.[1], Juan Bautista Vicini Burgos assumed the provisional presidency on October 21, 1922.Sumner Welles Under the supervision of High Commissioner [1] Warren G. Harding, who succeeded Wilson in March 1921, had campaigned against the occupations of both [1] After World War I, public opinion in the United States began to run against the occupation.
Most Dominicans, however, greatly resented the loss of their sovereignty to foreigners, few of whom spoke Spanish or displayed much real concern for the welfare of the republic. A guerrilla movement, known as the gavilleros,[1] leaders such as General Ramon Natera, enjoyed considerable support from the population in the eastern provinces of El Seibo and San Pedro de Macorís.[1] Having knowledge of the local terrain, they fought against the United States occupation from 1917 to 1921.[6] American naval forces maintained order during a period of chronic and threatened insurrection.[RL30172][6] In 1921, the gavilleros were crushed due to scorched earth tactics, superior air power, firepower and counterinsurgency methods of the United States military.[1]
[6]
Santo Domingo, Haiti, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Spanish language
New York City, United States, American Civil War, Hawaii, Western United States
Spanish–American War, United States occupation of Haiti, United States occupation of Nicaragua, United States occupation of Veracruz, United States
Spain, United States, Cuba, American Civil War, Puerto Rico
Colombia, Mexico, Argentina, Haiti, Peru
Herbert Hoover, World War I, President of the United States, Republican Party (United States), Warren G. Harding
Dominican Republic, United States, Foreign relations of the United States, Foreign relations of the Dominican Republic, United Nations
Authority control, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Cuba, New York Times
Dominican Republic, Politics of the Dominican Republic, Provinces of the Dominican Republic, Foreign relations of the Dominican Republic, LGBT history in the United States