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A Sociology Exhibit

Organizing Relationships

The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonapar... (by Marx, Karl)
Young Folks, History of England (by Yonge, Charlotte Mary)
The School as a Social Institution; An I... (by Robbins, Charles Leonidas)
A Story of the Red Cross : Glimpses of F... (by Clara Barton)
Sketches of the Fair Sex, in All Parts o... (by Charles William Wason)
The Principles of Sociology : Volume 2 (by Spencer, Herbert)
A Study of Siouan Cults (by Dorsey, James Owen)
Sex: Avoided Subjects Discussed in Plain... (by Henry Stanton)
Love-Marriage-Birth Control; Being a Spe... (by Dawson, Bertrand Dawson, Baron)
What the Mother of a Deaf Child Ought to... (by Wright, John Dutton)
Theories of Social Progress, A Critical ... (by Todd, Arthur James)
Democratic Ideals and Reality : A Study ... (by Halford John Mackinder)
Toward a general theory of action (by Parsons, Talcott)
Siouan Sociology: a Posthumous Paper Volume: 15th 1893-1894
Professional ethics and civic morals (by Durkheim, Emile)

Organizing Relationships: A Sociology Exhibit

Many disciplines beyond Sociology, such as Mathematics and Psychology and Economics, are utilized in the Social Sciences. In our Collections under these and other topics, contain hundreds of titles by writers and theorists who have dedicated to their lives to the study of human society. Featured books in the following collections include Herbert Spencer, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Talcott Parsons and David Emile Durkheim.

Sociology of Past Power Structures

Throughout history, all sub-disciplines of Sociology, as well and religious and government groups have been studied and experimented with different methods of social organization of population. Sometimes, these attempts at social definitions and control have been tempered, but at other times, rigid – some men have use groups for their own gain. Ultimately, however, if social organization is to be implemented, it has to be understood.

From the beginning of time, both men and animals have used verbal and non-verbal cues and strategies to enforce hierarchy. With chimpanzees, it is the Alpha Male. With men: Domesday Books, mathematics and accounting, psychology and linguistics. The word “organization” is derived from the Greek word organon, which means "organ." Therefore, studies of how groups of people (with a common goal) structure themselves, is the study of mankind and its relationships as a collective.

The Domesday Book, created under the reign of William the Conqueror, has been studied to understand the role of documentation in asserting authority and also to facilitate taxation. According to Young Folks’ History of England, William the Conqueror was a Norman who conquered England. In 1086, he ordered the documentation of land, livestock and taxes under the administration of the previous rulers, to find out what would be transferred over to Norman rule. Whatever was recorded in the Domesday book could not be appealed. The data that William the Conqueror collected into the Domesday book revealed his tendency for control. In the book titled, William the Conqueror, it is said that “William would not set...over any part of his dominions before his time, and it was his policy to keep his children dependent on him. While he enriched his brothers, he did not give the smallest scrap of the spoils of England to his sons” (William the Conqueror, World Heritage Encyclopedia). Robert, his son, was angry about this and fought his father in a battle, but later asked for his pardon. Today, the Domesday Books is considered an artifact of sociological research. Domesday Studies, Being the Papers Read at the Meetings of the Domesday Commemoration 1886 examines how this document changed the course of history in the United Kingdom (Domesday Studies, Being the Papers Read at the Meetings of the Domesday Commemoration 1886, Edward P. Dove).

Debates in Defining Sociology

Lambert Adolphe Jacques Quetelet was a 19th-Century Belgian mathematician, statistician and sociologist who introduced statistical methods into the social sciences. He assigned variables to the complexity of social phenomena, in order to measure the statistical laws underlying crime, marriage or suicide rates. Other scientists thought his ideas were controversial because it contradicted freedom of choice (“Lambert Adolphe Jacques Quetelet,” World Heritage Encyclopedia).

The author of Adolphe Quetelet, A Statistician discusses Auguste Comte as another researcher of social physics and sociology, but that Quetelet invented the method of investigation for “social physics” (Adolphe Quetelet as Statistician, Frank Hamilton Hawkins). So Comte reinvented the term sociologie (sociology) to differentiate it from Quetelet’s collection of statistics (“Adolphe Quetelet,” World Heritage Encyclopedia). Comte believed that there was an order of nature, not of man, which could be scientifically understood by unifying history, psychology and economics. Social ills could be remedied through sociological positivism, or using a broader philosophy that methodologically orders scientific observations (Outlines of Sociology, Lester Frank Ward). In this book, Ward writes Comte’s use of the term “hierarchy” did not imply subordination. “There is genetic affiliation without subordination. The more complex and less exact sciences may be regarded as the children of the more simple and exact ones, but between parent and offspring there is no difference or rank.” Additionally, he wrote that Comte “laid the foundations for understanding the more complex sciences by acquainting himself with the simpler ones upon which the other sciences successively rest” (Outlines of Sociology, Lester Frank Ward). Other social scientists like Karl Marx also mixed scientific methods to measure social impacts of industrialization occurring in Europe, documented in his work Wage Labour and Capital ("Wage Labour and Capital," Karl Marx).

Studying Social Life

David Émile Durkheim was a 19th century French sociologist who believed that sociology should study phenomena attributed to society at large, rather than being limited to the specific actions of individuals. Barbara Anne Mendheim however, applied sociology differently in The Sociology of Gender in a Kindergarten-First Grade Classroom. She writes that people gain knowledge of the social world by identifying typicality and finding language to order their social experience. For example, girls understand that being a girl means being personally relevant and intimate with other people. Boys understand being a boy through being powerful and competent in the world (The Sociology of Gender in a Kindergarten-First Grade Classroom, Barbara Anne Mendheim). However, in Woman: Her Charm and Power, Robert Downes uses sociological methods to explore how women in Egyptian and Iranian society were given opportunity for education and in leadership. But in Roman culture, women’s roles were to birth children. Women’s positions in society are influenced by the dominant culture’s definition of their functions and role in society (Woman: Her Charm and Power, Robert Downes).

Sociology has also been used to study group relations. Max Weber’s The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism discusses how entrepreneurs used religion to spread the system of capitalism. By tapping into religious belief systems, he proffered, people could work toward their profit making motive.

Works Cited

"August Compte." World Heritage Encyclopedia. WorldLibrary.org. Web. 2014.

“David Émile Durkheim.” World Heritage Encyclopedia. WorldLibrary.org. Web. 2014.

"Domesday Book." World Heritage Encyclopedia. WorldLibrary.org. Web. 2014.

Dove, P. Edward. "Domesday Studies, Being the Papers Read at the Meetings of the Domesday Commemoration 1886." London: Longmans, Green and Company, 1886.

Downes, Robert. Woman: Her Charm and Power. London: The Epworth Press, 1900.

Hawkins, Frank Hamilton. Adolphe Quetelet as Statistician. New York: Columbia University Press, 1877.

“Lambert Adolphe Jacques Quetelet.” World Heritage Encyclopedia. WorldLibrary.org. Web. 2014.

Marx, Karl. "Wage Labour and Capital." Neue Rheinische Zeitung, April 1849. Reproduced: World Public Library, 2002. Web.

Mendheim, Barbara Anne. The Sociology of Gender in a Kindergarten-First Grade Classroom. Diss. University of Florida, 1979.

“Norman People.” World Heritage Encyclopedia. WorldLibrary.org. Web. 2014.

"Sociology." World Heritage Encyclopedia. WorldLibrary.org. Web. 2014.

Ward, Lester Frank. Outlines of Sociology. New York: The MacMillan Company, 1921.

Weber, Max. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. New York: Scribner, 1930

“William the Conqueror.” World Heritage Encyclopedia. WorldLibrary.org. Web. 2014.

Yonge, Charlotte Mary. Young Folks’ History of England. Boston: Estes and Lauriet, 1879.

Sociology Collections

"Organizing Relationships: A Sociology Exhibit" demonstrates how sociological methods have been used to study the configuration of power, through documentation, analysis of order, and social effects. Sociology brings together different methods of thinking, to understand the complexity of society more accurately, and why we should always be vigilant of power.

Learn more about how the discipline of sociology is used, in these collections:

Top 100 books on Sociology

The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonapar... (by Marx, Karl)
Young Folks, History of England (by Yonge, Charlotte Mary)
The School as a Social Institution; An I... (by Robbins, Charles Leonidas)
A Story of the Red Cross : Glimpses of F... (by Clara Barton)
Sketches of the Fair Sex, in All Parts o... (by Charles William Wason)
The Principles of Sociology : Volume 2 (by Spencer, Herbert)
A Study of Siouan Cults (by Dorsey, James Owen)
Sex: Avoided Subjects Discussed in Plain... (by Henry Stanton)
Love-Marriage-Birth Control; Being a Spe... (by Dawson, Bertrand Dawson, Baron)
What the Mother of a Deaf Child Ought to... (by Wright, John Dutton)
Theories of Social Progress, A Critical ... (by Todd, Arthur James)
Democratic Ideals and Reality : A Study ... (by Halford John Mackinder)
Toward a general theory of action (by Parsons, Talcott)
Siouan Sociology: a Posthumous Paper Volume: 15th 1893-1894
Professional ethics and civic morals (by Durkheim, Emile)

Top 100 books on Psychology

The teacher's word book (by Thorndike, Edward L. (Edward Lee))
Psychopathology of Everyday Life (by Freud, Sigmund)
Ten Days in a Madhouse (by Bly, Nellie)
Talks to Teachers on Psychology, And to ... (by James, William)
Essay on the Creative Imagination (by Ribot, Théodule)
The Varieties of Religious Experience (by James, William)
Applied Psychology for Nurses (by Mary F. Porter)
Dreams (by Henri Bergson)
Why Worry? (by George Lincoln Walton)
Pathological Lying, Accusation, And Swin... (by Healy, William)
The Science of Human Nature; A Psycholog... (by Pyle, William Henry)
The Story of the Mind (by James Mark Baldwin)
Psychological Types or the Psychology of... (by C. G. Jung)
Memoirs of Extraordinary Popular Delusio... (by Charles Mackay)
The Principles of Psychology (by William James)

Top 100 books on Economics

Anthem (by Rand, Ayn)
Lombard Street : A Description of the Mo... (by Bagehot, Walter)
The Abolition of Poverty (by Hollander, Jacob Harry)
The Causes of Poverty (by Mccarthy, Callaghan)
The Accumulation of Capital (by Luxemburg, Rosa)
Cecil Rhodes; The Man and His Work (by Le Sueur, Gordon)
Two Treatises of Civil Government (by Locke, John)
The History of the Russian Revolution to... (by Trotsky, Leon)
The Economics of Welfare (by Pigou, Arthur Cecil)
A Treatise on Probability (by Keynes, John Maynard)
The Economic Consequences of the Peace (by John Maynard Keynes)
The Traffic in Women (by Goldman, Emma)
The Conquest of Bread (by Kropotkin, Petr Alekseevich, Kniaz)
The Jungle (by Sinclair, Upton)
What Is Property (by Proudhon, Pierre Joseph)

Top 100 books on Government

The General History of England, Both Ecc... (by Tyrrell, James)
On Liberty (by Mill, John Stuart)
Prince, The (Version 2) (by Machiavelli, Niccolo)
The Constitution of the United States (by United States. Constitution)
Rights of Man, Score Aor Rom Volume Vol. II (by Paine, Thomas)
The Declaration of Arbroath
Discourse on Inequality (by Rousseau, Jean Jacques)
An Essay on the History of Civil Society (by Adam Ferguson)
Of the Conduct of the Understanding (by John Locke)
The English Works of Thomas Hobbes of Ma... (by Thomas ( Hobbes)
Plato redivivus : or, A dialogue concern... (by Neville, Henry)
The Philosophical Works of John Locke : ... (by John Locke)
Uncle Tom's Cabin (by Stowe, Harriet Beecher)
History of the Greek Revolution : Compil... (by John Lee Comstock)
A Treatise on Political Economy : Or the... (by Jean Baptiste Say)

Top 100 books on Law

The Path of the Law (by Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr.)
Sovereign Immunity : Hearing before the ... Volume Part: 1 (by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee On Indi...)
Draft Mandates for Mesopotamia and Pales... (by League of Nations. Council)
The Treaty Making Power of the United St... (by Butler, Charles Henry)
Codification, Annotation, And Revision o... (by United States. Congress. House. Committee On Revis...)
Leviathan (by Hobbes, Thomas)
Sacred Text : Common Sense, Volume I (by Paine, Thomas)
Your Right to Federal Records Questions ...
The Relations between the Laws of Babylo... (by Johns, Claude Hermann Walter)
The United States' Constitution (by Fathers, Founding)
The Summa Theologica Volume I (by Thomas Aquinas)
The Laws of Plato; (by Plato)
Meditations (by Aurelius, Marcus)
Marrow of Tradition, The (by Chesnutt, Charles Waddell)
On Liberty (by Mill, John Stuart)

Top 100 books on Politics

The Nicomachean Ethics of Aristotle (by Aristotle, Frank Hesketh Peters)
Modest Proposal, A (by Swift, Jonathan)
The Wealth Of Nations (by Adam_Smith)
The Trial (by Kafka, Franz)
The Prince (by Machiavelli, Niccolò)
Of the Conduct of the Understanding (by John Locke)
War and Peace (by Tolstoy, Leo)
The Souls of Black Folk (by Du Bois, William Edward Burghardt)
Vindication of the Rights of Woman (by Wollstonecraft, Mary)
War and Peace (by Tolstoy, Leo)
Democracy in America (by Alexis De Tocqueville)
Walden & on the Duty of Civil Disobedien... (by Thoreau, Henry David)
The History of the Russian Revolution Vo... (by Leon Trotsky)
Gulliver's Travels (by Swift, Jonathan)
Walden (by Thoreau, Henry David)

Top 100 books on Anthropology

The Journal of the Anthropological Insti... (by Royal Anthropological Institute)
Anthropology and the Classics : Six Lect... (by Andrew Lang, Gilbert Murray, Sir John Linton Myres...)
Ancient Art and Ritual (by Jane Ellen Harrison)
Adolescence : Its Psychology and Its Rel... Volume Vol. 1 (by Hall, Granville Stanley)
The Study of Man: An Introduction (by Linton, Ralph)
Anthropology and Modern Life (by Boas, Franz)
African Systems of Kinship and Marriage (by Radcliffe-Brown, A. R. (Alfred Reginald))
Growing up in New Guinea; A Comparative ... (by Mead, Margaret)
International Catalogue of Scientific Li... (by Royal Society, Great Britain)
Man Past and Present (by Keane, Augustus Henry)
Aboriginal American Weaving (by Kissell, Mary Lois)
A Finding-List of History, Politics, Bio... (by Buffalo Library)
The Andaman Islanders; a Study in Social... (by Radcliffe-Brown, A. R. (Alfred Reginald), 1881-195...)
The Dolmens of Ireland, Their Distributi... Volume 3 (by Borlase, William Copeland)
Crime, Its Causes and Remedies (by Lombroso, Cesare)