...A TREATISE ON GOVERNMENT TRANSLATED FROM THE GREEK OF ARISTOTLE BY WILLIAM ELLIS, A.M. A PENN STATE ELECTRONIC CLASSICS ... ...nity university. 3 Aristotle A TREATISE ON GOVERNMENT TRANSLATED FROM THE GREEK OF ARISTOTLE BY WILLIAM ELLIS, A.M. LONDON &.TORONTO PUBLISHED BY J M... ...ome respects a critical history of the workings of the institutions of the Greek city state. In Books IV ., V ., and VI. the ideal state seems far aw... ...ing is said on those two points. We are accustomed since the growth of the historical method to the belief that states are “not made but grow,” and ar... ...as a state doctor, called in to pre- scribe for an ailing constitution. So Herodotus recounts that when the people of Cyrene asked the oracle of Delph... ...raight” and drew up a new constitution for Cyrene. So again the Milesians, Herodotus tells us, were long troubled by civil discord, till they asked he... ...abitations on account of their flocks, which they are compelled to follow, cultivating, as it were, a living farm. Others live exercising violence ove... ...but the greater part of mankind live upon the produce of the earth and its cultivated fruits; and the manner in which all those live who follow the di... ...gly. A fourth species of kingly government is that which was in use in the heroic times, when a free people submitted to a kingly government, accordin...

...s to thrust itself in the way, with most benign compla cency, whenever an historical personage happens to be look ing round for a seat. There is cer... ...ould to leave off their idle and wandering habits, and to build houses and cultivate the earth, as the English did. He established schools among them ... ... pos sess all the erudition which mankind has hoarded up from age to age. Greek and Latin were as familiar to them as the bab ble of their childhood.... ...a very frightful busi ness, which might have perplexed a wiser and better culti vated head than his. This was the witchcraft delusion.” And here Gra... ...ponderous folios, and quar tos, and little duodecimos, in English, Latin, Greek, Hebrew, Chaldaic, and all other languages that either originated at ... ... table, on which, besides printed volumes, were strewn manuscript sermons, historical tracts, and political pamphlets, all written in such a queer, bl... ...acted an air of deep erudition, as if its cushion were stuffed with Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, and other hard matters. In this chair, from one year’s e... ...ce. However, he determined to proceed with his narrative, and speak of the hero when it was need ful, but with an unambitious simplicity. So Grandfat... ...ather had several conversations with me, and derived great benefit from my historical reminis cences. In the days of the Stamp Act I whispered in the...

...y oaken legs it trudges diligently from one scene to another, and seems always to thrust itself in the way, with most benign complacency, whenever an historical personage happens to be looking round for a seat....

...aid down in Lord Aberdeen’s late Act of Parliament. This statement should, historically speaking, have found itself under our third head, as being one... ...eans could have been discovered by the learned for putting a stop to him. [Greek Text: Aperantologia] was his forte; upon this he piqued himself, and ... ..., my dear North, and believe me to be always your old friend and admirer, [Greek Text: Cap Omega, Cap Phi] SCENE SCENE SCENE SCENE SCENE THE FIRST THE... ...at well-known under habiliment, which in Hebrew is called Ch’tonet, and in Greek and Latin by words of similar sound. 2 In this stage of its progress... ...ict such compression upon their tender feet. Even as early as the times of Herodotus, we find, from his account of a Lybian nation, that the women and... ...nce,—or, if that were impossible, to perplex and con- found,—any relics of historical records which might happen to survive from his youthful studies.... ...blank knowledge of facts, which is all that most readers gather from their historical studies, is a mere deposition of rubbish without cohesion, and r... ...r of Moreau, the base timidity of Bernadotte, in fact, the total defect of heroic minds amongst the French of that day, neutralized the defects and mo... ...ll not fall on him; we know enough of the sublime courage bestowed on that heroic animal, to be satis- fied that he will shake the life out of any ene...

... for the virtue of Hercules, that in the night his dreams were all of that hero’s actions. and in the day a continual emulation stirred him up to perf... ...cus, they say, was ever esteemed a man of the greatest sanctity of all the Greeks; and Cychreus, the Salaminian, was honored at Athens with divine wor... ...ow husbandry; and from this coin came the expression so frequent among the Greeks, of a thing being worth ten or a hundred oxen. After this he joined ... ...nstituted the games, in emulation of Hercules, being ambitious that as the Greeks, by that hero’s appoint- ment, celebrated the Olympian games to the ... ...mes, in emulation of Hercules, being ambitious that as the Greeks, by that hero’s appoint- ment, celebrated the Olympian games to the honor of Jupi- t... ...his valor; but the greater number, of whom are Pherecydes, Hellanicus, and Herodorus, write that he made this voyage many years after Hercules, with a... ... after you have worshipped.” The first two direc- tions seem to denote the cultivation and subduing of the earth as a part of religion; and as to the ... ..., which we knew not of before, and have taught us that it is not so diffi- cult and impossible but that men may overcome it. It would be a great shame... ...g but what was in Greek. Jesting upon Postumius Albinus, who had written a historical work in Greek, and requested that allowances might be made for h...

...his arises as a natural result from the bold, adventurous character of the heroine, and from the unsettled state of society at that period in Spanish ... ...ch of scepticism: and, in consequence, the story was soon after adopted as historically established, and was reported at length by journals of the hig... ...ew, of that most industrious benefactor to the early stages of our English historical literature, Thomas Hearne. Three hundred guineas, I believe, had... ...nd when she was *Falsely, because poxphuxeos rarely, perhaps, means in the Greek use what we mean properly by purple, and could not mean it in the Pin... ...t the purpureus of the ancients might have been evaded by attending to its Greek designation, namely, porphyry-colored: since, said he, porphyry is al... ...uth is, colors were as loosely and latitudinarially dis- tinguished by the Greeks and Romans as degrees of affinity and consanguinity are everywhere. ... ..., or Alphesibæus—to this goodly set of lambs! How he must have admired the hero of the “Odyssey,” who in one way or other accounted for all the wooers... ... nations, solemnly opened thus: “Ton d’ apameibomenos prosephé Sheridanios heros.” Simply to have commenced his answer in Greek would have sufficientl... ..., etc., and advantageously known as one of those who applied his legal and historical knowledge to the bending back into constitutional moulds of thos...

...- sion in the world was conducted by a number of unham- pered men in small Greek cities, who knew no language but their own and had scarcely a technic... ...ems that it dropped unsolved at the close of the period of 7 H. G . Wells Greek freedom, when it must get to a common and general understanding upon ... ...AL ENQ ENQ ENQ ENQ ENQUIR UIR UIR UIR UIRY Y Y Y Y It seems to me that the Greek mind up to the disaster of the Macedonian Conquest was elaborately an... ... by the scientific method, as it is generally con- ceived, at all. His was historical research. He conducted re- search into pre-documentary history. ... ...fecting, following no manifest law except that usually it centres upon the hero, my Ego. It seems to me that to put the thing much more precisely than... ...ng into a fight or the delight of a bird in the air. And not simply in the heroic field of war and the air do I want to understand. I want to know som... ... the love despised, these things together made him a con- genial saint and hero for me, so that I thought of him as others pray. When I think of that ... ..., however much the Christians may have contributed to its making. From the historical point of view it is a religious and social method that developed... ...ncy to talk and read and think. But it has never yet been, at least in the historical period and in any but isolated social groups, a working structur...

...eci- sive importance; the Germans at any rate were attempting to make it a cultivated flower. There was Opinion flowering away at home, feeding rankly... ...athing time for a fresh outrage upon civilisation, and who would even make heroes of the crazy young assassins of the Dublin crime. I do not understan... ...de and in its broad outlines, this war is nothing more than a gigantic and heroic effort in sanitary engineering; an effort to remove German militaris... ... of disease. A more serious argument for the good of war is that it evokes heroic qualities that it has brought out almost incredible quantities of co... ...m out of anything more than the most incidental danger. “We don’t want any historical incidents here,” he said. I think that might well become an hist... ...ell become an historical phrase. For the life of the Effigy is a series of historical incidents. 6 6 6 6 6 Manifestly one might continue to multiply p... ... that it was the Austrian custom to minimise. Captain Pirelli refreshed my historical memories; it was rather like leaving a card on Gibbon en route f... ...nch; the English will never think nor talk clearly until the get clerical “Greek” and sham “humanities” out of their public schools and sincere study ... ...hat the English are doing….” “Have I ever told you the story of compulsory Greek at Oxford and Cambridge?” I asked abruptly. “What has that to do with...

...speak of them, had never heard any one praise them nor express envy of the heroes that had done them, he would have had no more idea of bravery than A... ...e; it will all have come from the outside. The Victoria Cross breeds more heroes than— Y.M. Hang it, where is the sense in his becoming brave if he i... ...iard, Frenchman, Irishman, Italian, South American—Roman Catholic; Russian—Greek Catholic; T urk—Mohammedan; and so on. And when you know the man’s re... ...e up of the facts of life, not creations. It took centuries to develop the Greek drama. It borrowed from preceding ages; it lent to the ages that came... ...It takes the glory out of man, it takes the pride out of him, it takes the heroism out of him, it denies him all personal credit, all applause; it not... ...and will fiercely fight for them. As instances, you have all history: the Greeks, the Romans, the Persians, the Egyp tians, the Russians, the German... ...lysis; for, after all, it is the thing to spread your mind. We come now to historical matters, historical remains, one might say. As one turns the pag... ...ill in some distant future be found which deal with “Claimants”— claimants historically notorious: Satan, Claimant; the Golden Calf, Claimant; the Ve... ...resume it—on no evidence of any kind. Which is their way, when they want a historical fact. Fact and presump Mark T wain 235 tion are, for business ...

...ead souls” no less than on the living ones. The plan of Chichikov, Gogol’s hero-villain, was therefore to make a journey through Russia and buy up the... ...erived from his Cossack ancestry. He realised that he had drawn a host of “heroes,” “one more com- monplace than another, that there was not a single ... ...on, however, that it actually occurs only in the Slavonic version from the Greek, and not in the Russian translation made direct from the Hebrew. 10 ... ...s life have beheld. A similar caricaturing of nature is to be noted in the historical pictures (of un- known origin, period, and creation) which reach... ...he most ample meed of praise.” Again, to the Chief of Police 21 Gogol our hero had passed a most gratifying remark on the sub- ject of the local gend... ...ery attitude, seemed to connote an excess of eagerness to curry favour and cultivate a closer acquaintance. On first speaking to the man, his ingratia... ... bib with which the footman had encircled it. On hear- ing this distinctly Greek name (to which, for some un- known reason, Manilov always appended th... ...herefore he decided then and there to have a talk with his hostess, and to cultivate her closer acquaintance. Accordingly he peeped through the chink ... ...herish a prejudice against the ini- tial character of the word—namely, the Greek theta, or th. 93 Gogol “Do not insult me with the term Thetuk,” reto...

...the family; but Edward was the only son;—descended, too, from the Scottish hero Wallace, as the old gentleman would sometimes ad- monish him; his own ... ...h a culprit’s being forgiven, are all that remain with Anthony. The steady historical style of the young runaway of twelve, narrating merely, not in t... ...etent skill in construing Latin, I think also an elemen- tary knowledge of Greek; add ciphering to a small extent, Euclid perhaps in a rather imaginar... ...nt at any time in either of the ancient literatures. But he freely read in Greek and Latin, as in various modern languages; and in all fields, in the ... ...well, attempt 32 The Life of John Sterling that course. At the same time, Greek and the Greeks being here before him, he could not fail to gather som... ...then seem to him could be very difficult; or attended with much other than heroic joy, and enthusi- asm of victory or of battle, to the gallant operat... ...all times and places, the young ardent soul that enters on this world with heroic purpose, with veracious insight, and the yet unclouded “inspiration ... ...imed; and had much to say then and afterwards, and with real technical and historical knowledge I believe, about the objects of devotion there. But it... ...rfectly secure against the sort of answer to which Voltaire’s critical and historical shallowness perpetually exposed him. I mean to read the Book thr...

...things were going to be done in the Versailles fashion by great moustached heroes frown- ing and drawing lines with a large black soldierly thumbnail ... ...acedonia, for instance, there is a jumble of Albanian, Serbian, Bulgarian, Greek and Rumanian villages always jostling one another and maintaining an ... ...y than intervention in an 24 In the Fourth Year external quarrel. Could a Greek village in Bulgarian Macedonia plead in the Supreme Court? Could the ... ...t a kindred nation plead- ing for the scattered people of its own race and culture, or any nation presenting a case on behalf of some otherwise unrepr... ... is represented as pursuing a Machiavellian policy towards the unfortunate Greek republicans, with her eyes on the Greek islands and Greece in Asia. I... ...erent Government? The answer to that question is not overwhelmingly diffi- cult. The German people sticks to its militarist imperialism as Mazeppa stu... ...tory of mankind only during periods of me- chanical unprogressiveness. The historical ideas of Europe range between the time when the Greeks were goin... ...ommunication upon administrative areas, large or small. This defect in our historical training has made our minds politically sluggish. We fail to ada... ...so big 86 In the Fourth Year that it will be impossible for a poor man to cultivate and work them. That is unquestionable. But, mark another point, i...

... affords, and elect it at once as the title of my work, and the name of my hero. But, alas! what could my readers have expected from the chivalrous ep... ...ave, therefore, like a maiden knight with his white shield, assumed for my hero, Waverley, an uncontaminated name, bearing with its sound little of go... ...g steps, about the middle of the second vol- ume, were doomed to guide the hero, or heroine, to the ruin- ous precincts? Would not the owl have shriek... ...matic authors; of many picturesque and inter- esting passages from our old historical chronicles; and was 22 Waverley particularly well acquainted wi... ...h! I’ll tell you, though, doctor, you must knock out some of the Latin and Greek; heavy, doctor, damn’d heavy—(beg your pardon) and if you throw in a ... ... lane leading to the common field, where the joint labour of the villagers cultivated alternate ridges and patches of rye, oats, barley, and peas, eac... ...een much better pleased had the pious or sapient apothegms, as well as the historical narratives, which these various works contained, been presented ... ...row. NOTE 25.—FIELD-PIECE IN THE HIGHLAND ARMY This circumstance, which is historical, as well as the descrip- tion that precedes it, will remind the ... ... &c. ‘Change we our shields, and for ourselves assume the trappings of the Greeks.’ Neb, nose. Nebulones nequissimi, worthless scamps. Nec naturaliter...

...a banished man and a stranger at the head of a body of barbar- ians. Among Greek commanders, Eumenes of Cardia may be best compared with him; they wer... ...e greatest part of the Libyan tribes under his subjection, with an army of Greeks, raised out of the colonies of the Olbians and Myceneans placed here... .... 35 Plutarch’s Lives But when Craterus and Antipater, having subdued the Greeks, advanced into Asia, with intentions to quell the power of Perdiccas... ...d possessions that were to come, he was persuaded at last with much diffi- culty to believe them. And so putting on his purple robes, and mounting his... ...rd for his other excellences, that he may write and speak, in favor of his hero, whatever he pleases. Methinks, too, there is a great deal of differen... ...llespont, and at Troy sacrificed to Minerva, and honored the memory of the heroes who were buried there, with solemn libations; especially Achilles, w... ... in whose house Callisthenes, for his relationship’s sake, being his niece Hero’s son, had been educated. His death is variously related. Some say he ... ...ames recited it publicly, how was it, that he, rising up, and re- counting historically and demonstratively what benefits and advantages all Greece ha... ... Antony’s can be charged with that impiety which marks those of Demetrius. Historical writers tell us that the very dogs are excluded from the whole A...

...e the furnishings they made to live among or esteem, except for curious or historical reasons, their prevalent art and the clipped and limited literat... ...ng that had worried my mother in my boyhood. There was the usual Christian hero, this time with mutton-chop whiskers and a long bare upper lip. The Je... ...ith- erto seemed nonsense about love. I took to reading novels, and if the heroine could not possibly be like her, dusky and warm and starlike, I put ... ...things. We joined in the earnest acquirement of all that was necessary for Greek epigrams and Latin verse, and for the rest played games. We dipped do... .... Within, we were taught as the chief subjects of instruc- tion, Latin and Greek. We were taught very badly because the men who taught us did not habi... ...ow and localised life had lain in those days through Latin, and afterwards Greek had come in as the vehicle of a flood of new and amazing ideas. Once ... ...In Cambridge and the plays of Ibsen alone does it seem appropriate for the hero- ine before the great crisis of life to “enter, take off her over- sho... ... were as comprehensive as our impres- sions. Willersley’s mind abounded in historical matter; he had an inaccurate abundant habit of topographical ref... ...ied in Westminster and its tradi- tions; we are not so much wanting in the historical sense as alive to the greatness of our present opportunities and...

.... After a while, the widow put boxes of earth in front of her windows, and cultivated those aerial gardens that police regulations forbid, though thei... ...own to the same sum. By way of penance for her former over-confidence, she heroically cut off her own little enjoyments. As with other timid souls of ... ...he preference of their mother, encouraged it by sharing her worship of the hero who had carried Napoleon’s orders on two battlefields, and was wounded... ...s right,” said Joseph. “France is too proud of her he- roes to let them be heroic elsewhere. Napoleon may return once more.” However, to satisfy his m... ...arth, Murillo, Charlet, Raffet, Gavarni, Meissonier, Art itself adores and cultivates, especially during the carnival. The man in whom poor Agathe tho... ...t offence to Paris, is one of the oldest cities in France. In spite of the historical assumption which makes the emperor Probus the Noah of the Gauls,... ...in of the vine-growers, who are more and more bur- dened with the costs of cultivation and the taxes; just as the ruin of the woollen trade is the res... ...mythological arrow,—admirable description of an effect of nature which the Greeks, unable to conceive the chivalric, ideal, and mel- ancholy love bego... ...e of Titians’ Venuses!” Adolphine and Madame Hochon thought he was talking Greek; but Agathe signed to them behind his back, as if to say that she was...

...onidas-eloquence, often with a fire of daring that threat- ens to outherod Herod,—the Galleries, ‘especially the La- dies, never done with applauding.... ... Royalist turn, will join them- selves; with Stofflets and Charettes; with Heroes and Chouan Smugglers; and the loyal warmth of a simple people, blown... ...ch a Law seemed needful: and they order it, as pacific Pastrycooks, not as heroic Patriots would,—To surrender! Beaurepaire strides home, with long st... ...of the business have we advanced since then! The numbers massacred are, in Historical fantasy, ‘between two and three thousand;’ or indeed they are ‘u... ...ngly provided with road-money. These, through bad quarters, through diffi- culties, perils, for Authorities cross each other in this time,— do triumph... ...een grapes, and produce 51 Thomas Carlyle colic, pestilential dysentery, (Greek). And the Peasants as- sassinate us, they do not join us; shrill wome... ...ies, Respectabilities, what has been written in Books, and admitted by the Cultivated Classes; this inadequate Scheme of Nature’s working is all that ... ...r Spring season. Messidor, Thermidor, Fructidor, that is to say (dor being Greek for gift) Reapidor, Heatidor, Fruitidor, are Republican Summer. These... ...hen the People have lost their reason; ye will die when they recover it.” (Greek,—Plut. Opp. t. iv. p. 310. ed. Reiske, 1776.) No help! Yielding to vi...

...a married life as the two Stahovs’. Turning to the figure of the Bulgarian hero, it is interest- ing to find from the Souvenirs sur Tourguenev (publis... ... of Russian aspiration working with the in- struments of wide cosmopolitan culture. As a critic of his countrymen nothing escaped T urgenev’s eye, as ... ...st, led first and foremost by his love for his art, his novels are undying historical pictures. It is not that there is anything allegorical in his no... ...type of man to satisfy Russia, and ended by taking no living model for his hero, but the hear- say Insarov, a foreigner. Russia has not yet produced m... ...fraid of being late. Look at the river; it seems to beckon us. The ancient Greeks would have beheld a nymph in it. But we are not Greeks, O nymph! we ... ...Shubin ran on before them to an- nounce their arrival. XII ‘THE CONQUERING HERO I NSAROV will be here directly!’ he shouted triumphantly , going into ... ...re is a little family of our people here; among us there are men of little culture; but all are warmly devoted to the common cause. 64 On the Eve Unl... ... know, I know.’ ‘Do you know, too, that I have given myself up to a diffi- cult, thankless cause, that I ... that we shall have to expose ourselves no...

...perfect specimen of manly beauty could scarcely be imagined. Lovely as the Greek girls of Cyprus or Chios, Mercedes boasted the same bright flashing e... ...mind, has usurped quite enough.” “Nay, madame; I would place each of these heroes on his right pedestal — that of Robespierre on his scaffold in the P... ...he lenity in my power; but if the charges brought against this Bonapartist hero prove correct, why, then, you really must give me leave to or- der his... ... hat and gloves. “To whom is it addressed?” “To Monsieur Noirtier, Rue Coq-Heron, Paris.” Had a thunder- bolt fallen into the room, Villefort could no... ...ay, Ger- man, French, Italian, English, and Spanish; by the aid of ancient Greek I learned modern Greek — I don’t speak it so well as I could wish, bu... ...he means of increasing my stock of pens; for I will freely confess that my historical labors have been my greatest solace and relief. While retracing ... ...ressed to effect the opening of the cupboard, of which the lock was diffi- cult, the person was pricked by this small point, and died next day. Then t... ... were turned to- wards Athens — it was the fashion to pity and support the Greeks. The French government, without protecting them openly , as you know... ...island is a mass of rocks, and does not contain an acre of land capable of cultivation.” “To whom does this island belong?” “To Tuscany.” “What game s...

...king a habit of success; it rushed chanting to war against the most grimly heroic and the most stolidly enduring of races. Germany came into this war ... ...about the conduct of the war by the gov- erning classes, or the worshipful heroism of peers and princes. They will know just how easy is courage, and ... ...an they do now, and they will in many cases be learning Russian instead of Greek or German. More of our boys will be going into the public service, an... ...pe that the Oxford and Cambridge of unphilosophical classics and Little-go Greek for everybody, don’s mathematics, bad French, ignorance of all Europe... ...peak it rather worse than a third-rate Babu speaks English, and of Ancient Greek by teachers who at best half know this fine lost language. They do no... ...ve then and can remember, it has become now almost as re- mote, almost as “historical,” as the days before the French Revolution. Our days, our method... ...ting to note how partial and divided these affinities must necessarily be. Historically and politically, the citizen of the United States must be draw... ...is Their Argument.” Their minds have been systematically corrupted by base historical teaching, and the inculcation of a rancid patriotism. They are a... ...nd of the nine- teenth. The Great War is essentially undramatic, it has no hero, it has no great leaders. It is a story of the common sense of humanit...

...th himself, perhaps troubled with ambitions; why, if he but knew it, he is a hero of the old Greek stamp; and while he thinks he is only earn- ing a p... ...aps troubled with ambitions; why, if he but knew it, he is a hero of the old Greek stamp; and while he thinks he is only earn- ing a profit of a few c... ...r an enduring liter- ary work. If it be romance, if it be contrast, if it be heroism that we require, what was Troy town to this? But, alas! it is not... ...e if his heart will suffer him to pardon or forget. These old, well-founded, historical hatreds have a savour of nobility for the independent. That th... ...h they recalled and commemorated better days, but was besides an exercise of culture, where all they knew of art and letters was united and expressed.... ...sire to publish new discoveries, the love of form and not a novel reading of historical events, mark the vocation of the writer and the painter. The a... ...d glad to go to school; had I been let alone, I could have borne up like any hero; but there was around me, in all my native town, a conspiracy of lam... ...e officers of the Pharos, passing narrowly by him, observed his book to be a Greek T estament, our wonder and interest took a higher flight. The catec... ...d a lord he was; a peer of the realm pacing that inhospitable beach with his Greek T estament, and his plaid about his shoulders, set upon doing good,...