...he several classes in the state. The aim which he sets before oligarchs or democracies is not the good life, but simple stability or permanence of the... ... this subject, let us now go into the practical part thereof; the one is a liberal employment for the mind, the other necessary. These things are usef... ...event every op- portunity of exercising two principal virtues, modesty and liberality. Modesty with respect to the female sex, for this virtue require... ...y, which depends upon private property, for without that no one can appear liberal, or do any generous action; for liberality consists in imparting to... ... therefore better have proposed, that they should live both moderately and liberally; for unless these two conspire, luxury will come in on the one ha... ...tune, that he is mild or courageous, but we may say that he is prudent and liberal, which are the only quali- ties connected therewith. It is also abs... ...e not for- merly admitted into any share in the government; till at length democracies were established: it is not therefore proper for any man of hon... ...tes strangers to accept the freedom 85 Aristotle of the city; and in some democracies the son of a free-woman is himself free. The same is also obser... ... these afterwards turned to tyrannies and these in their turn gave rise to democracies; for the power of the ty- rants continually decreasing, on acco...

...e would call that man just who does not feel pleasure in acting justly, or liberal who does not in liberal actions, and similarly in the case of the o... ...er Moral; pure science, intelligence, and prac- tical wisdom—Intellectual: liberality, and perfected self-mas- tery—Moral: in speaking of a man’s Mora... ...nsible. III. In respect of giving and taking wealth (a): The mean state is Liberality, the excess Prodigality, the de- fect Stinginess: here each of t... ...; a mean state called Munificence (for the munificent man differs from the liberal, the former having necessarily to do with great wealth, the latter ... ... the defect Paltriness (these also differ from the extremes connected with liberality, and the manner of their difference shall also be spoken of late... ...endships and the principle of Justice are inconsiderable in extent, but in Democracies they are most considerable be- cause they who are equal have mu...

...ly comforts adds the improvement of the mind and morals. We have there fore liberally furnished them with the implements of husbandry and household u... ... a pretext for them has been given by the United States, and of the fair and liberal attempt to induce a revoca tion of them, can not be anticipated.... ...o just to invade the rights of others, too proud to surren der our own, too liberal to indulge unworthy prejudices ourselves and too elevated not to ... ...our part with scrupulous regard to all these obligations, and in a spirit of liberality which was never surpassed. How little has been the effect of t... ... it is our duty to cultivate friendly relations and to act with kindness and liberal INAUGURAL ADDRESSES OF THE PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES 41 i... ...d by the changes all around us. Since the turn of the century, the number of democracies in the world has grown four fold. Human freedom is on the ma... ...ion and ideas. And the world’s greatest democracy will lead a whole world of democracies. Our land of new promise will be a nation that meets its obli...

...ard that forms of govern ment differ; there are tyrannies, and there are democracies, and there are aristocracies? Yes, I know. And the government i... ...e physicians and judges, but also those who would pro fess to have had a liberal education? Is it not disgraceful, and a great sign of want of good... ...t the bema and do not suffer a word to be said on the other side; hence in democracies almost everything is managed by the drones. Very true, he said.... ...es fair and loud and persuasive, and draw the cities over to tyrannies and democracies. Very true. Moreover, they are paid for this and receive honour... ...est honour, as might be expected, from tyrants, and the next greatest from democracies; but the higher they ascend our constitution hill, the more th...

...eavour to shew hereafter, is very different upon different occasions; more liberal in a society advancing to opulence, than in one that is standing st... ...n by the different state of those countries. 66 The Wealth of Nations The liberal reward of labour, therefore, as it is the necessary effect, so it i... ...g a great part of the children which their fruitful marriages produce. The liberal reward of labour, by enabling them to provide better for their chil... ..., and Philadelphia, where the wages of common labour are so very high. The liberal reward of labour, therefore, as it is the effect of in- creasing we... ...ders of the society; the stationary is dull; the declining melancholy. The liberal reward of labour, as it encourages the propagation, so it increases... ...cted with all the thoughtless 670 The Wealth of Nations extravagance that democracies are apt to fall into, could be safely trusted with the manageme... ...om those rancourous and virulent factions which are inseparable from small democracies, and which have so fre- quently divided the affections of their...

...an the recent debates on Reform of Parliament, that both Conservatives and Liberals (if I may continue to call them what they still call themselves) h... ...h, in virtue of its superior comprehensiveness, might be adopted by either Liberal or Conservative without renouncing any thing which he really feels ... ...e in which there was scarcely a throne in Europe which was not filled by a liberal and reforming king, a lib eral and reforming emperor, or, stranges... ...reforming king, a lib eral and reforming emperor, or, strangest of all, a liberal and reforming pope; the age of Frederic the Great, of Catherine the... ... Ganganelli, of Pombal, of D’Aranda; when the very Bourbons of Naples were liberals and reformers, and all the active minds among the noblesse of Fran... ...st its own errors. Such precautions have ex isted in all well constructed democracies. The Athenian Con stitution had many such provisions, and so h... ...d), have been, in respect to intellec tual endowments, much on a par with democracies; that is, they have manifested such qualities in any considerab... ...ington and Jefferson, were not more completely exceptions in their several democracies, and were assuredly much more splendid exceptions, than the Cha... ...certain evils; but those evils are greatly aggravated by the fact that the democracies which at present exist are not equal, but systematically unequa...

...against revolution. He protests against the attitude of undue hostility to Liberalism which is com- mon among Socialists, and he blunts the edge of th... ...lution- ary ardor and tend to transform Socialists into a left wing of the Liberal Party. But the increasing prosperity of wage-earn- 27 Bertrand Rus... ...ect Disraeli and Bismarck were shrewder judges of human nature than either Liberals or Socialists. It has become increasingly difficult to put trust i... ...1906 and 42 in December, 1910) might be reck- oned almost as a part of the Liberal Party. France, unlike England and Germany, was not content merely t... ...But in actual fact the psychology of the working man in any of the Western democracies is totally unlike that which is assumed in the Communist Manife... ...omething more positive and constructive than this is needed if govern- ing democracies are not to inherit the vices of governing classes in the past. ... ...vils of its own; but Guild Socialism, or even Syndicalism, if it adopted a liberal policy toward those who preferred to work less than the usual numbe...

...crifice the weaker party or an obnoxious individual. Hence it is that such democracies have ever been spectacles of turbulence and con- tention; have ... ... of the republican, and by citing as specimens of the latter the turbulent democracies of ancient Greece and modern Italy. Under the confusion of name... ...iple, and were accord- ingly those which have best deserved, and have most liberally received, the applauding suffrages of political writers. This exc... ...ngage- ments to immediate necessity? How can it undertake or ex- ecute any liberal or enlarged plans of public good? Let us attend to what would be th... ...dual discharge of the domestic debt, and to furnish, for a certain period, liberal tributes to the federal treasury. A very large proportion of this f... ...refer to a few known facts, in support of what I advance. In the most pure democracies of Greece, many of the ex- ecutive functions were performed, no... ...v- ernment could have succeeded within the narrow limits oc- cupied by the democracies of Greece. In answer to all these arguments, suggested by reaso...