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The Fourteen Infallibles (Arabic: معصومون Ma‘sūmūn) in Twelver Shia Islam include Mohammad, the Prophet of Islam; his daughter, Fatima Zahra; and the Twelve Imams, all of whom are considered to be infallible, that is, "divinely bestowed [with] freedom from error and sin".[1] In Shiite Theology, this quality of infallibility is called Ismah.[2][3] Ismah literally means protection, and in the Theological application, it refers to a special grace (lutf) by God upon a person that enables the said person to abstain from sins by her his own free will. Such a person is called Ma'sum.[4] Shiites also believe that the Fourteen Infallibles are superior to the rest of creation, including even the major prophets.[5]
According to Shia, members of society should have the right understanding of the world and mankind (as taught by Islam) to identify and fulfill their obligations towards them. On the social level, fulfillment of these obligations are effected by implementation of Islamic rulings by a religious government resulting in a society of believers who worship only God and enjoy real justice and freedom on both personal and social level. These ends can only be accomplished under the guidance and rule of a person who is inerrant and protected by God against faults.[6] This view is drawn from Shiite belief in divine succession to the Prophet. Shias argue that the rightful successors to the Prophet, in addition to ruling over the community justly, must correctly interpret the divine law which requires freedom from error and sin,[7][8] lest misleading their followers.[9] This human need for a divinely guided infallible leadership is the basis for the doctrine of Imamate.[10] Infallibility and divine protection against error for Imams are also necessary for God's religion to remain intact.[11] On the socio-political level, only an infallible Imam whose actions are free from error may also successfully arbitrate in conflicts between people and permanently resolve them.[8]
According to Hamid Algar, this ascription is encountered as early as the first half of the second century of Islamic calendar. The Shia scholars of the fourth and the fifth centuries of Islamic calendar defined the infallibility of the Prophet Moḥammad and the Twelve Imams in increasingly stringent form, until the doctrine came to exclude the commission on their part of any sin or inadvertence, either before or after their assumption of office. As for Fatimah, it has been derived from her being a link between Prophethood and Imamah, the two institutions characterized by infallibility, as well as by her association with the Imams and their attributes in numerous Hadiths.[2]
Rasul Allah[6][12] (the Messenger of God)
The Seal of All Prophets[7][13] Habib[8][14] (The Beloved)
/ 53 BCE[15]–10[16]
Buried in Medina, Saudi Arabia.[12]
Umm Abiha[9][18] (A Mother for Her Father)
Sayyidatu n-Nisā'il-‘alamīn[10][19] (The master of all women in this world and in Paradise)
al-Zahra[11][17][20] (The Shining One)
Al-Siddiqah[12][21] (The Honest)
Al-Mubarakah[13][22] (The Blessed One)
At-Taherah[14][23] (The Virtuous)
Al-Batoul[15][24] (The Pure One)
605 or 615 – 632 or 633[17][25][26][27][28]
/ 17 or 7 BCE[17] – 10 or 11[29]
The exact location of her grave is unknown.[31]
Amir al-Mu'minin[18][33] (The Commander of the Faithful)
al-Mūjtabā[21][40] (The Chosen)
/ 3–50[29][42]
Sayyid ash-Shuhada[24][45] (Master of the Martyrs)
/ 4–61[29][47]
al-Sajjad[27][49]
Zayn al-'Abidin[28][49][51] (One who constantly Prostrates; the Ornament of the Worshipers)
/ 38[49][51]–95 [49][52]
Baqir al-Ulum[31][54] (The Revealer of Knowledge)
/ 57–114[49][54]
as-Sadiq[34][56] (The Honest)
/ 83–148[49][56]
al-Kazim[37][58] (The Calm One)
/ 128–183[49][58]
ar-Rida[40][62] (The Pleasing One)
/ 148–203 [49][62]
al-Taqi[43][63]
(The God-Fearing)
al-Jawad[44][64] (The Generous)
/ 195–220[64]
al-Hadi[47][68]
(The Guide)
al-Naqi[48][63]
(The Pure)
/ 212–254[67]
al-Askari[51][63][72] (The Citizen of a Garrison Town)
/ 232–260 [63][72]
Mahdi[54][63][75] (The Guided One or The Guide),
Hidden Imam[55][76]
al-Hujjah[56][45][77] (The Proof)
sahib al-Zaman[57][70] (The Lord of Our Times)
Sahibu'l-Amr[58][70] (The one vested with Divine authority)
al-Qa'im[59][45] (The one who will rise and fill the universe with the Justice) Baqiyyat Allah[60][45] (God's Remainder)
/ 255 or 256[63] –unknown[78]
Qatar, Bahrain, Yemen, Arabic language, Kuwait
Mecca, Saudi Arabia, Muhammad, Ali, Islam
Quran, Islam, Islamic philosophy, Encyclopaedia of Islam, Nation of Islam
Islam, Ali, Sunni Islam, Quran, Hajj
Saudi Arabia, Syria, Iran, Turkey, Bahrain
Saudi Arabia, Medina, Iraq, Muhammad, Shia Islam
Shia Islam, Jerusalem, Muhammad, Twelver, Mecca
Qom, Shia Islam, Hawza, Jerusalem, Jurisprudence
Quran, Muhammad, Shia Islam, Sahih Muslim, Ali