Hydraulic fluid being poured.
Hydraulic fluids, also called hydraulic liquids, are the medium by which power is transferred in hydraulic machinery. Common hydraulic fluids are based on mineral oil or water.[1] Examples of equipment that might use hydraulic fluids include excavators and backhoes, hydraulic brakes, power steering systems, transmissions, garbage trucks, aircraft flight control systems, lifts, and industrial machinery.
Hydraulic systems like the ones mentioned above will work most efficiently if the hydraulic fluid used has zero compressibility.
Functions and properties
The primary function of a hydraulic fluid is to convey power. In use, however, there are other important functions of hydraulic fluid such as protection of the hydraulic machine components. The table below lists the major functions of a hydraulic fluid and the properties of a fluid that affect its ability to perform that function:[2]
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Function
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Property
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Medium for power transfer and control
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Non compressible (high bulk modulus)
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Fast air release
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Low foaming tendency
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Low volatility
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Medium for heat transfer
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Good thermal capacity and conductivity
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Sealing Medium
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Lubricant
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Viscosity for film maintenance
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Low temperature fluidity
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Thermal and oxidative stability
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Hydrolytic stability / water tolerance
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Cleanliness and filterability
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Demulsibility
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Antiwear characteristics
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Corrosion control
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Pump efficiency
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Proper viscosity to minimize internal leakage
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High viscosity index
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Special function
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Fire resistance
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Friction modifications
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Radiation resistance
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Environmental impact
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Functioning life
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Composition
Base stock
The original hydraulics fluid, dating back to the time of ancient Egypt, was water. Beginning in the 1920s, mineral oil began to be used more than water as a base stock due to its inherent lubrication properties and ability to be used at temperatures above the boiling point of water. Today most hydraulic fluids are based on mineral oil base stocks.
Natural oils such as rapeseed (also called canola oil) are used as base stocks for fluids where biodegradability and renewable sources are considered important.
Other base stocks are used for specialty applications, such as for polyalphaolefin, propylene glycol, and silicone oils.
Other components
Hydraulic fluids can contain a wide range of chemical compounds, including: tributylphosphate), silicones, alkylated aromatic hydrocarbons, polyalphaolefins (PAO) (e.g. polyisobutenes), corrosion inhibitors (incl acid scavengers), anti-erosion additives, etc.
Biodegradable hydraulic fluids
Environmentally sensitive applications (e.g. ISO 32, ISO 46, and ISO 68 specification oils. ASTM standards ASTM-D-6006, Guide for Assessing Biodegradability of Hydraulic Fluids and ASTM-D-6046, Standard Classification of Hydraulic Fluids for Environmental Impact are relevant.
Brake fluid
Brake fluid is a subtype of hydraulic fluid with high boiling point, both when new (specified by the equilibrium boiling point) and after absorption of water vapor (specified by wet boiling point). Under the heat of braking, both free water and water vapor in a braking system can boil into a compressible vapor, resulting in brake failure. Glycol-ether based fluids are hygroscopic, and absorbed moisture will greatly reduce the boiling point over time. Silicone based fluids are not hygroscopic.
Safety
Because industrial hydraulic systems operate at hundreds to thousands of PSI and temperatures reaching hundreds of degrees Celsius, severe injuries and death can result from component failures and care must always be taken when performing maintenance on hydraulic systems.
Fire resistance is a property available with specialized fluids.
Trade names
Some of the trade names for hydraulic fluids include Arnica, Tellus, Durad, Fyrquel, Houghto-Safe, Hydraunycoil, Lubritherm Enviro-Safe, Pydraul, Quintolubric, Reofos, Reolube,Valvoline Ultramax and Skydrol.
Aircraft hydraulic systems
As aircraft performance increased in mid-20th century, the amount of force required to operate mechanical flight controls became excessive, and hydraulic systems were introduced to reduce pilot effort. The hydraulic actuators are controlled by valves; these in turn are operated directly by input from the aircrew (hydro-mechanical) or by computers obeying control laws (fly by wire).
Hydraulic power is used for other purposes. It can be stored in accumulators to start an auxiliary power unit (APU) for self-starting the aircraft's main engines. Many aircraft equipped with the M61 family of cannon use hydraulic power to drive the gun system, permitting reliable high rates of fire.
The hydraulic power itself comes from pumps driven by the engines directly, or by electrically driven pumps. In modern commercial aircraft these are electrically driven pumps; should all the engines fail in flight the pilot will deploy a propeller-driven electric generator called a Ram Air Turbine (RAT) which is concealed under the fuselage.[3] This provides electrical power for the hydraulic pumps and control systems as power is no longer available from the engines. In that system and others electric pumps can provide both redundancy and the means of operating hydraulic systems without the engines operating, which can be very useful during maintenance.
Specifications
Aircraft hydraulic fluids fall under various specifications:
Common petroleum-based:
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Mil-H-5606: Mineral base, flammable, fairly low flashpoint, usable from −65 °F (−54 °C) to 275 °F (135 °C), red color
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Mil-H-83282: Synthetic hydrocarbon base, higher flashpoint, self-extinguishing, backward compatible to -5606, red color, rated to −40 °F (−40 °C) degrees.
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Mil-H-87257: A development of -83282 fluid to improve its low temperature viscosity.
Phosphate-ester based:
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US/NATO Military Specification - MIL-H-8446
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Boeing Seattle - BMS3-11
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Boeing Long Beach - DMS2014
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Boeing Long Island - CDS5478
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Lockheed - LAC C-34-1224
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Airbus Industrie - NSA307110
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British Aerospace - BAC M.333.B
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Bombardier - BAMS 564-003
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SAE - Ac974
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SAE - AS1241
Contamination
Special, stringent care is required when handling aircraft hydraulic fluid as it is critical to flight safety that it stay free from contamination. It is also necessary to strictly adhere to authorized references when servicing or repairing any aircraft system. Samples from aircraft hydraulic systems are taken during heavy aircraft maintenance checks (primarily C and D checks) to check contamination.
See also
References
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^ Givens W. and Michael P., Fuels and Lubricants Handbook, G. Totten ed., ASTM International, 2003, p. 373 ISBN 0-8031-2096-6
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^ Placek, D., Synthetics, Mineral Oils and Bio-based Lubricants, L. Rudnick ed., CRC Press, 2006, p. 519 ISBN 1-57444-723-8
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^ Discovery channel-'seconds from disaster'
External links
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Information and purchase of military specification (mil-spec) hydraulic fluid
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Information about Fluid Power is also available on the National Fluid Power Association web-site nfpa.com
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USDA Research. Biodegradable Plant-Based Hydraulic Fluid
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Biodegradable Hydraulic Oils
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Industrial Hydraulic Oils
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Aviation hydraulic fluids
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Blenders Of Hydraulic Oils
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Concepts
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Technologies
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Public networks
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Aircraft-related templates
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