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The Parthian language, also known as Arsacid Pahlavi and Pahlawānīg, is a now-extinct ancient Northwestern Iranian language spoken in Parthia, a region of northeastern ancient Iran. Parthian was the language of state of the Parthian Empire (248 BC – 224 AD).
Parthian was a Western Middle Iranian language that, through language contact, also had some features of the Eastern Iranian language group, the influence of which is attested primarily in loan words. Some traces of Eastern influence survives in Parthian loan words in the Armenian language.[2]
Taxonomically, Parthian belongs to the Northwestern Iranian language group while Middle Persian belongs to the Southwestern Iranian language group.
The Parthian language was rendered using the Pahlavi writing system, which had two essential characteristics: First, its script derived from Aramaic,[3] the script (and language) of the Achaemenid chancellery (i.e. Imperial Aramaic). Second, it had a high incidence of Aramaic words, rendered as ideograms or logograms, that is, they were written Aramaic words but understood as Parthian ones (See Arsacid Pahlavi for details).
The Parthian language was the language of the old Satrapy of Parthia and was used in the Arsacids courts. The main sources for Parthian are the few remaining inscriptions from Nisa and Hecatompolis, Manichaean texts, Sasanian multi-lingual inscriptions, and remains of Parthian literature in the succeeding Middle Persian. Among these, the Manichaean texts, composed shortly after the demise of the Parthian power, play an important role for reconstructing the Parthian language.[4] These Manichaean manuscripts contain no ideograms.
Attestations of the Parthian language include:[5]
In 224 AD, Ardashir I, the local ruler of Pars, deposed and replaced Artabanus IV, the last Parthian Emperor, and founded the fourth Iranian dynasty, and the second Persian dynasty, the Sassanian Empire. Parthian was then succeeded by Middle Persian, which when written is known as Sasanian Pahlavi. Parthian did not die out immediately, but remains attested in a few bi-lingual inscriptions from the Sasanian era.
Persian language, Old Persian, Iran, Persian literature, Iranian languages
Azerbaijan, Turkey, Pakistan, Persian language, Armenia
Iran, Seleucid Empire, Sasanian Empire, History of Iran, Achaemenid Empire
Indo-Aryan languages, Iranian languages, Persian language, Iran, Nuristani languages
Tajikistan, Iran, Afghanistan, Tajik language, Middle Persian
Lithuanian language, Welsh language, Old English language, Avestan, Old Irish
Armenia, Artsakh, Utik, Christianity, Azerbaijan
Hyrcania, Syria, Iran, Fars Province, Medes
Iraq, Persian language, Iranian languages, Iraqi Kurdistan, Indo-European languages