Statuary

A statue is a sculpture representing one or more people or animals (including abstract concepts allegorically represented as people or animals), normally full-length, as opposed to a bust, and at least close to life-size, or larger.^[1] A small statue, usually small enough to be picked up, is called a statuette or figurine.

The definition of a statue is not always clear-cut; equestrian statues, of a person on a horse, are certainly included, and in many cases, such as a Madonna and Child or a Pietà, a sculpture of two people will also be.

Statues have been produced in many cultures from prehistory to the present; the oldest known statue dating to about 30,000 years ago. The world's tallest statue is over 500 feet.

Many statues are built on commission to commemorate a historical event, or the life of an influential person. Many statues are intended as public art, exhibited outdoors or in public buildings. Some statues gain fame in their own right, separate from the person or concept they represent, as with the Statue of Liberty.

Colour

Ancient statues often survive showing the bare surface of the material of which they are made. For example, many people associate Greek classical art with white marble sculpture, but there is evidence that many statues were painted in bright colours.^[2] Most of the colour was weathered off over time; small remnants were removed during cleaning; in some cases small traces remained which could be identified.^[2] A travelling exhibition of 20 coloured replicas of Greek and Roman works, alongside 35 original statues and reliefs, was held in Europe and the United States in 2008: Gods in Color: Painted Sculpture of Classical Antiquity.^[3] Details such as whether the paint was applied in one or two coats, how finely the pigments were ground, or exactly which binding medium would have been used in each case—all elements that would affect the appearance of a finished piece—are not known. Richter goes so far as to say of classical Greek sculpture, "`All stone sculpture, whether limestone ir marble, was painted, either wholly or in part." ^[4]

Medieval statues were also usually painted, with some still retaining their original pigments. The colouring of statues ceased during the Renaissance, as excavated classical sculptures, which had lost their colouring, became regarded as the best models.

Historical periods

Antiquity

The Lion man from the Swabian Alps in Germany is the oldest known statue in the world, and dates to 30,000-40,000 years ago.^[5][6][7] The Venus of Hohle Fels, from the same area, is somewhat later.^[8] Throughout history, statues have been associated with cult images in many religious traditions, from Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greece, and Ancient Rome to the present.

Egyptian statues showing kings as sphinxes have existed since the Old Kingdom, the oldest being for Djedefre (c. 2500 BC).^[9] The oldest statue of a striding pharaoh dates from the reign of Senwosret I (c. 1950 BC) and is the Egyptian Museum, Cairo.^[10] The Middle Kingdom of Egypt (starting around 2000 BC) witnessed the growth of block statues which then became the most popular form until the Ptolemaic period (c. 300 BC).^[11]

The oldest statue of a deity in Rome was the bronze statue of Ceres in 485 BC.^[12][13] The oldest statue in Rome is now the statute of Diana on the Aventine.^[14]

The wonders of the world include several statues from antiquity, with the Colossus of Rhodes and the Statue of Zeus at Olympia among the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.

Middle Ages

While Byzantine art flourished in various forms, sculpture and statue making witnessed a general decline; although statues of emperors continued to appear.^[15] An example was the statue of Justinian (6th century) which stood in the square across from the Hagia Sophia until the fall of Constantinople in the 15th century.^[15] Part of the decline in statue making in the Byzantine period can be attributed to the mistrust the Church placed in the art form, given that it viewed sculpture in general as a method for making and worshiping idols.^[15] While making statues was not subject to a general ban, it was hardly encouraged in this period.^[15] Justinian was one of the last Emperors to have a full-size statue made, and secular statues of any size became virtually non-existent after iconoclasm; and the artistic skill for making statues was lost in the process.

Modern Era

Starting with the work of Maillol around 1900, the human figures embodied in statues began to move away from the various schools of realism that had held them bound for thousands of years. The Futurist and Cubist schools took this metamorphism even further until statues, often still nominally representing humans, had lost all but the most rudimentary relationship to the human firm. By the 1920s and 1930s statues began to appear that were completely abstract in design and execution.^[16]

The notion that the position of the hooves of horses in equestrian statues indicated the rider's cause of death has been disproved.^[17][18]

Gallery

• Lion man, from Hohlenstein-Stadel, Germany, now in Ulmer Museum, Ulm, Germany, the oldest known zoomorphic statuette, Aurignacian era, 40,000 BC-30,000 BC

• Venus of Dolní Věstonice, ceramic figurine, 29,000 BC-25,000 BC

• Venus of Willendorf, one of the oldest known Statuettes, Upper Paleolithic, 24,000 BC-22,000 BC

• Great Sphinx of Giza, c. 2558–2532 BC, the largest monolith statue in the world, standing 73.5 metres (241 ft) long, 6 metres (20 ft) wide, and 20.22 m (66.34 ft) high. Giza, Egypt.

• The Charioteer of Delphi, 474 BC, Delphi Archaeological Museum, Greece

• Hermes and the Infant Dionysus by Praxiteles, 4th century BC, Archaeological Museum of Olympia, Greece

• Venus de Milo, c. 130 - 100 BC, Greek, the Louvre

• Laocoön and his Sons, Greek, (Late Hellenistic), c. 160 BC and 20 BC, White marble, Vatican Museum

• Nara Daibutsu, c. 752, Nara, Japan

• Moai of Easter Island facing inland, Ahu Tongariki, c. 1250 - 1500, restored by Chilean archaeologist Claudio Cristino in the 1990s

• The Great Buddha of Kamakura, c. 1252, Japan

• Michelangelo's David, 1504, The Accademia Gallery, Florence, Italy

• Auguste Rodin, The Burghers of Calais (1884–c. 1889) in Victoria Tower Gardens, London, England.

• The Statue of Liberty, New York Harbor, USA, c.1886

• Henry Bain Smith's bronze of Robert Burns, 1892, above Union Terrace Gardens, Aberdeen, Scotland

• Copenhagen - the little mermaid statue - 2013.jpg

  The Mermaid of Copenhagen, 1903

• statue of Dr. Jose Rizal. at the Luneta Park, Philippines c.1908

• Thomas Brock, John Everett Millais, at Tate Britain 1905

• Christ the Redeemer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1931

• U.S. Marine Corps War Memorial, located in Arlington, Virginia, 1954

• A closeup of the replica statue of Roman Emperor, Marcus Aurelius, 1981, The original c. 200 AD is in the nearby Capitoline Museum, Rome

• Ushiku Daibutsu 2006.jpg

  The Ushiku Daibutsu, Amitabha Buddha, 1995, Japan. The third tallest statue in the world, overall 394 feet in height.

• Spring Temple Buddha, the world's tallest statue, overall 502 feet in height, completed 2002, China.

• Kailashnath Mahadev Statue, Bhaktapur, Nepal. The world's tallest Statue of Lord Shiva, 143 feet, 2003-Present.

See also

References

External links

Commons has media related to Statues.

• UK Public Monument and Sculpture Association
• Ranking of the favourite statue
• Casting Methods & Statue Materials